Mechanisms of Primed Defense: Plant Immunity Induced by Endophytic Colonization of a Mycovirus-Induced Hypovirulent Fungal Pathogen.

How mycovirus-induced hypovirulence in fungi activates plant defense is still poorly understood. The changes in plant fitness and gene expression caused by the inoculation of the fungus harboring and made hypovirulent by the mycovirus soybean leaf-associated gemygorvirus-1 (SlaGemV-1) of the species were examined in this study. As the hypovirulent fungus (DK3V) colonized soybean , plant transcriptomic analysis indicated changes in defense responses and photosynthetic activity, supported by an upregulation of individual genes and overrepresentation of photosystem gene ontology groups.

Vitamin E biofortification: Maximizing oilseed tocotrienol and total vitamin E tocochromanol production by use of metabolic bypass combinations.

Vitamin E tocochromanols are generated in plants by prenylation of homogentisate using geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGDP) for tocotrienol biosynthesis and phytyl diphosphate (PDP) for tocopherol biosynthesis. Homogentisate geranylgeranyl transferase (HGGT), which uses GGDP for prenylation, is a proven target for oilseed tocochromanol biofortification that effectively bypasses the chlorophyll-linked pathway that limits PDP for vitamin E biosynthesis. In this report, we explored the feasibility of maximizing tocochromanol production in the oilseed crop camelina (Camelina sativa) by combining seed-specific HGGT expression with increased biosynthesis and/or reduced homogentisate catabolism.

Unpublished clinical trials of common rheumatic diseases.

Objectives: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) provide high-quality evidence for treatment efficacy, but many RCTs remain unpublished. The objective of this study was to describe the proportion of unpublished RCTs in five rheumatic diseases and to identify factors associated with publication.

Methods: Registered RCTs for five rheumatic diseases (SLE, vasculitis, spondyloarthritis, SS and PsA) with over 30 months since study completion were identified using ClinicalTrials.

Genome of Paspalum vaginatum and the role of trehalose mediated autophagy in increasing maize biomass.

A number of crop wild relatives can tolerate extreme stress to a degree outside the range observed in their domesticated relatives. However, it is unclear whether or how the molecular mechanisms employed by these species can be translated to domesticated crops. Paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum) is a self-incompatible and multiply stress-tolerant wild relative of maize and sorghum.

Characterization of Transcriptional Responses to Genomovirus Infection of the White Mold Fungus, .

Soybean leaf-associated gemygorvirus-1 (SlaGemV-1) is a CRESS-DNA virus classified in the family Genomoviridae, which causes hypovirulence and abolishes sclerotia formation in infected fungal pathogens under the family Sclerotiniaceae. To investigate the mechanisms involved in the induction of hypovirulence, RNA-Seq was compared between virus-free and SlaGemV-1-infected strain DK3. Overall, 4639 genes were differentially expressed, with 50.

Fusarium Graminearum Virus-1 Strain FgV1-SD4 Infection Eliminates Mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol Synthesis by in FHB.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) toxin production during the infection of in small grain crops is one of the most harmful virulence factors associated with economic losses. Metatranscriptome sequencing and RT-qPCR traced back that the only mycovirus infecting an isolate, designated as Fg-4-2, was a novel strain of Fusarium graminearum virus 1 (FgV1), designated as FgV1-SD4. The isolate Fg-4-2 showed significantly reduced virulence against wheat compared to the virus-free culture, designated as isolate Fg-4-1, which was obtained by deep freezing and single conidial germination.

Comparative Efficacy Randomized Controlled Trials in Rheumatology Guidelines.

Background: Comparative efficacy randomized controlled trials (RCTs) compare two active interventions in a head-to-head design. They are useful for informing clinical practice guidelines, but the degree to which such trials inform clinical practice guidelines in rheumatology is unknown.

Methods: The American College of Rheumatology (ACR) and European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR) websites were searched from January 1, 2017, to June 12, 2021, for clinical practice guidelines.

Direct Metatranscriptomic Survey of the Sunflower Microbiome and Virome.

Sunflowers ( L.) are susceptible to multiple diseases in field production. In this study, we collected diseased sunflower leaves in fields located in South Dakota, USA, for virome investigation.

Identification of the Viral Determinant of Hypovirulence and Host Range in Sclerotiniaceae of a Genomovirus Reconstructed from the Plant Metagenome.

Uncharacterized viral genomes that encode circular replication-associated proteins of single-stranded DNA viruses have been discovered by metagenomics/metatranscriptomics approaches. Some of these novel viruses are classified in the newly formed family . Here, we determined the host range of a novel genomovirus, SlaGemV-1, through the transfection of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum with infectious clones.