The effect of partial outlet obstruction on calpain and phospholipase-2 activities: analyzed by severity and duration.

In an attempt to better understand the two pathways that lead to bladder decompensation following partial obstruction in rabbits one of which is caused by calcium-activated enzymes and the other by oxidative stress, calpain and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) biochemical assays were conducted to see how bladder decompensation is mediated by these two calcium-activated enzymes. Partial outlet obstructions of varying durations (4, 8, and 12 weeks plus controls) were performed on 32 New Zealand white rabbits. The rabbits were also grouped by severity: control, mild, intermediate, and severe.

Effect of severity and duration of bladder outlet obstruction on catalase and superoxide dismutase activity.

Objectives: To study the effects of partial bladder outlet obstruction on the cell's anti-oxidant defense mechanisms, superoxide dismutase and catalase, in order to elucidate how the bladder responds to oxidative stress.

Methods: Four groups of eight rabbits were subjected to partial bladder outlet obstruction for 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Eight sham rabbits were used as the control group.

A Comparison of Total Antioxidant Capacities of Concord, Purple, Red, and Green Grapes Using the CUPRAC Assay.

Considering how popular grapes are in terms of their antioxidant benefits, we compared concord, purple, red, and green grapes for total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and carbohydrate concentration. All grapes were acquired from commercial sources and samples of each were separated into skinned and not skinned groups. Each whole grape and the skins were individually homogenized and then separated into pulp and supernatant fractions.