Anaemia in diabetes: an emerging complication of microvascular disease.

Diabetes as the dominant cause of ESRD is also the major cause of renal anaemia. However, most patients with diabetic kidney disease will succumb to co-morbid vascular disease or heart failure before developing severe renal impairment. In these patients, anaemia is also common finding, with a 2-3 times greater prevalence and earlier onset than in patients with renal impairment from other causes.

The epidemiology of hemoglobin levels in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Background: Anemia is a common finding in patients with diabetes, for whom it constitutes an additional burden. The aim of this study is to clarify the natural history of anemia in patients with type 2 diabetes and describe factors that predict a decrease in hemoglobin (Hb) levels.

Methods: A 5-year prospective cohort study was designed as a follow-up of 503 individuals with type 2 diabetes in a single diabetes clinic.

Is nonalbuminuric renal insufficiency in type 2 diabetes related to an increase in intrarenal vascular disease?

Objective: To investigate the role of intrarenal vascular disease in the pathogenesis of nonalbuminuric renal insufficiency in type 2 diabetes.

Research Design And Methods: We studied 325 unselected clinic patients who had sufficient clinical and biochemical information to calculate an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using the Modified Diet in Renal Disease six-variable formula, at least two estimations of urinary albumin excretion rates (AER), and a renal duplex scan to estimate the resistance index of the interlobar renal arteries. The resistance index, measured as part of a complications surveillance program, was compared in patients with an eGFR < or >or=60 ml/min per 1.

Mechanisms and predictors of carotid artery stent restenosis: a serial intravascular ultrasound study.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the mechanisms and predictors of carotid artery restenosis after carotid artery stenting (CAS) using serial intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging.

Background: Carotid artery stenting is increasingly used to treat high-grade obstructive carotid disease, but our knowledge of carotid in-stent restenosis and remodeling remains limited.

Methods: Post-procedural and 6-month (median 6 months) follow-up quantitative carotid angiography and IVUS were performed after self-expanding stent deployment in 50 internal carotid arteries (ICA).

Increased tubular organic ion clearance following chronic ACE inhibition in patients with type 1 diabetes.

Background: The tubular excretion of creatinine significantly contributes to its clearance. Administration of an angtiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor is associated with increased organic ion clearance in experimental diabetes. This study examines the effect and implications of chronic ACE inhibition on renal organic ion excretion in patients with type 1 diabetes.

Anemia with impaired erythropoietin response in diabetic patients.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased prevalence of anemia, particularly in patients with nephropathy. We undertook this survey to determine the relationship between anemia and the renal production of erythropoietin in patients with diabetes mellitus.

Methods: The clinical data of 722 patients were obtained, including markers of diabetic complications.

Anemia in patients with type 1 diabetes.

Anemia is a common finding in diabetes, although most patients in these studies have type 2 disease. This study examines the prevalence and predictors of anemia in outpatients with type 1 diabetes. A full blood count was obtained in addition to routine testing in patients with type 1 diabetes at the Austin Medical Centre (n = 135), Melbourne, the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (n = 42), and the Royal North Shore Hospital (n = 135), both in Sydney, Australia.

Low-molecular-weight AGEs are associated with GFR and anemia in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Background: Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are implicated in the development and progression of diabetic nephropathy. We examined the predictors of low-molecular-weight (LMW) AGEs in a cross-sectional survey of 604 patients with type 2 diabetes in a single clinic.

Methods: A clinical history and results of routine blood and urine testing were obtained for all patients over a 2-year period.

The burden of anaemia in type 2 diabetes and the role of nephropathy: a cross-sectional audit.

Background: Anaemia is a common finding in patients with diabetes and constitutes an additional burden in patients with advancing age and comorbid vascular disease. This study examines the prevalence and predictors of anaemia in long-term outpatients with type 2 diabetes from three large clinical centres.

Methods: A full blood count was obtained in addition to routine testing in a cross-sectional survey of all patients with type 2 diabetes in long-term follow-up at the Austin Medical Centre, Melbourne (n = 670) and the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital (n = 915) and the Royal North Shore Hospital (n = 540), Sydney, Australia.

Nonalbuminuric renal insufficiency in type 2 diabetes.

Objective: To determine the prevalence and characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes who have impaired renal function, defined as a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <60 ml. min(-1). 1.

Unrecognized anemia in patients with diabetes: a cross-sectional survey.

Objective: Anemia is common in diabetes, potentially contributing to the pathogenesis of diabetes complications. This study aims to establish the prevalence and independent predictors of anemia in a cross-sectional survey of 820 patients with diabetes in long-term follow-up in a single clinic.

Research Design And Methods: A full blood count was obtained in addition to routine blood and urine test results for all patients over a 2-year period to encompass all patterns of review.

Albumin to creatinine ratio: a screening test with limitations.

The aim of this study is to assess the effects of age on (1) the ability of a spot albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) to accurately predict 24-hour albumin excretion rate (AER), and (2) the performance of spot ACR as a screening test for microalbuminuria. Three hundred fourteen patients with diabetes aged 18 to 84 years attending a tertiary outpatient clinic underwent one 24-hour urine collection and, immediately after completion, provided one fasting spot morning urine sample. Twenty-four-hour AER and spot ACR were determined.

Urinary transforming growth factor-beta excretion in patients with hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and elevated albumin excretion rate: effects of angiotensin receptor blockade and sodium restriction.

Objective: Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a prosclerotic growth factor implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. In addition to high glucose, other factors implicated in renal fibrosis and increased TGF-beta synthesis include angiotensin II and high dietary sodium intake. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of angiotensin receptor blockade (ARB) and dietary sodium restriction on the plasma concentration and urinary excretion of TGF-beta in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes and elevated albumin excretion rate (AER).