Extruded gallbladder mucoceles have characteristic ultrasonographic features and extensive migratory capacity in dogs.

Limited information is available on the ultrasonographic characteristics of extruded gallbladder mucoceles. The objective of this retrospective case series study was to describe the ultrasonographic features of extruded gallbladder mucoceles in a group of dogs. Medical records of four veterinary centers were searched between June 2010 and January 2018 for all dogs with a suspected extruded gallbladder mucocele based on abdominal ultrasound.

Evaluation of standard magnetic resonance characteristics used to differentiate neoplastic, inflammatory, and vascular brain lesions in dogs.

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging characteristics are commonly used to help predict intracranial disease categories in dogs, however, few large studies have objectively evaluated these characteristics. The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate MR characteristics that have been used to differentiate neoplastic, inflammatory, and vascular intracranial diseases in a large, multi-institutional population of dogs. Medical records from three veterinary teaching hospitals were searched over a 6-year period for dogs that had diagnostic quality brain MR scans and histologically confirmed intracranial disease.

CatSper-null mutant spermatozoa are unable to ascend beyond the oviductal reservoir.

Sperm hyperactivation is characterised by high-amplitude, asymmetrical flagellar bending and is required to penetrate the oocyte zona pellucida. It was proposed that hyperactivation also enables spermatozoa to reach the oocyte by assisting escape from the oviductal sperm reservoir. To test this hypothesis, the behaviour of CatSper-null mouse spermatozoa in the oviduct was compared with that of spermatozoa from heterozygotes.

Calmodulin and CaMKII in the sperm principal piece: evidence for a motility-related calcium/calmodulin pathway.

Both cyclic AMP (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA) and calcium (Ca(2+)) signaling pathways are known to be involved in the regulation of motility in mammalian sperm. Calmodulin (CaM) is a ubiquitous Ca(2+) sensor that has been implicated in the acrosome reaction. In this report, we identify an insoluble pool of CaM in sperm and show that the protein, in addition to its presence in the acrosome, is found in the principal piece of the flagellum.

GM1 dynamics as a marker for membrane changes associated with the process of capacitation in murine and bovine spermatozoa.

We previously showed that in live murine and bovine sperm heads, the ganglioside G(M1) localizes to the sterol-rich plasma membrane overlying the acrosome (APM). Labeling G(M1) using the pentameric cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) induced a dramatic redistribution of signal from the APM to the sterol-poor postacrosomal plasma membrane (PAPM) upon sperm death. We now show a similar phenomenon in the flagellum where CTB induces G(M1) redistribution to sterol-poor membrane subdomains of the annulus and flagellar zipper.

Segregation of micron-scale membrane sub-domains in live murine sperm.

Lipid rafts, membrane sub-domains enriched in sterols and sphingolipids, are controversial because demonstrations of rafts have often utilized fixed cells. We showed in living sperm that the ganglioside G(M1) localized to a micron-scale membrane sub-domain in the plasma membrane overlying the acrosome. We investigated four models proposed for membrane sub-domain maintenance.