Amino Acid Nitrogen Isotope Ratios Respond to Fish and Meat Intake in a 12-Week Inpatient Feeding Study of Men.

Background: The natural abundance nitrogen stable isotope ratio (NIR) of whole tissue correlates with animal protein intakes, including meat and fish. Amino acid (AA) NIRs (NIRAAs) are more variable than the whole-tissue NIRs and may thus better differentiate among foods.

Objectives: We evaluated whether NIRAAs were associated with intakes of fish and meat and whether these dietary associations were larger than with whole-tissue NIRs.

Is Dietary Nonadherence Unique to Obesity and Weight Loss? Results From a Randomized Clinical Trial.

Objective: Weight stigma is associated with poor dietary adherence, yet adherence is essential for weight loss and maintenance. This study aimed to determine differences in dietary adherence and perceived hunger between lean individuals and two groups of individuals with obesity.

Methods: In a 6-week outpatient dietary intervention (23 males; aged 48  [SD 14] years), lean participants (n = 23; BMI 23  [SD 2] kg/m ) received a weight-maintaining energy needs (WMEN) diet, and participants with obesity (BMI 36  [SD 7]) were randomized to either WMEN (n = 18) or a 35% calorie-reduced (CR) diet (n = 19).

Associations of plasma, RBCs, and hair carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios with fish, meat, and sugar-sweetened beverage intake in a 12-wk inpatient feeding study.

Background: Naturally occurring carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios [13C/12C (CIR) and 15N/14N (NIR)] are promising dietary biomarkers. As these candidate biomarkers have long tissue residence times, long-term feeding studies are needed for their evaluation.

Objective: Our aim was to evaluate plasma, RBCs, and hair CIR and NIR as biomarkers of fish, meat, and sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake in a 12-wk dietary intervention.

Food Insecurity is Associated with Maladaptive Eating Behaviors and Objectively Measured Overeating.

Objective: The association between food insecurity and obesity may be partially explained by overeating in response to unpredictable food availability cycles. The aim of this study was to measure objective food intake in food-insecure individuals.

Methods: Eighty-two volunteers (53 m; BMI 29 ± 7; 38 ± 12 years) were admitted to our inpatient Clinical Research Unit and completed the Food Security Short Form, Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire, Gormally Binge Eating Scale, and body composition assessment (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry).

High Fat and Sugar Consumption During Ad Libitum Intake Predicts Weight Gain.

Objective: To determine how macronutrients accompanying foods with high energy density (EnDen) affect energy intake and weight gain.

Methods: A total of 214 subjects (130 males, BMI: 32 ± 7 kg/m ) ate ad libitum for 3 days. Food intake was expressed as the mean daily intake (in kilocalories) and the percentage of weight-maintaining energy needs (%WMEN).

Energy Expenditure and Hormone Responses in Humans After Overeating High-Fructose Corn Syrup Versus Whole-Wheat Foods.

Objective: This study sought to understand how the dietary source of carbohydrates, either high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) or complex carbohydrates, affects energy expenditure (EE) measures, appetitive sensations, and hormones during 24 hours of overfeeding.

Methods: Seventeen healthy participants with normal glucose regulation had 24-hour EE measures and fasting blood and 24-hour urine collection during four different 1-day diets, including an energy-balanced diet, fasting, and two 75% carbohydrate diets (5% fat) given at 200% of energy requirements with either HFCS or whole-wheat foods as the carbohydrate source. In eight volunteers, hunger was assessed with visual analog scales the morning after the diets.

Neuromodulation directed at the prefrontal cortex of subjects with obesity reduces snack food intake and hunger in a randomized trial.

Obesity is associated with reduced activation in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), a region of the brain that plays a key role in the support of self-regulatory aspects of eating behavior and inhibitory control. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive technique used to modulate brain activity. We tested whether repeated anodal tDCS targeted at the left DLPFC (compared with sham tDCS) has an immediate effect on eating behavior during ad libitum food intake, resulting in weight change, and whether it might influence longer-term food intake-related appetite ratings in individuals with obesity.

Neuromodulation targeted to the prefrontal cortex induces changes in energy intake and weight loss in obesity.

Objective: Obesity is associated with decreased activity in the prefrontal cortex. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) modifies cortical excitability and may facilitate improved control of eating. The energy intake (EI) and body weight in subjects who received cathodal versus sham (study 1) and subsequent anodal versus sham (study 2) tDCS aimed at the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (LDLPFC) were measured.

Soda consumption during ad libitum food intake predicts weight change.

Soda consumption may contribute to weight gain over time. Objective data were used to determine whether soda consumption predicts weight gain or changes in glucose regulation over time. Subjects without diabetes (128 men, 75 women; mean age 34.

Food label accuracy of common snack foods.

Unlabelled: Nutrition labels have raised awareness of the energetic value of foods, and represent for many a pivotal guideline to regulate food intake. However, recent data have created doubts on label accuracy.

Objective: We tested label accuracy for energy and macronutrient content of prepackaged energy-dense snack food products.

Short-term isocaloric manipulation of carbohydrate intake: effect on subsequent ad libitum energy intake.

Background: Isocaloric manipulation of carbohydrate or fat intake could alter subsequent ad libitum food intake.

Methods: In a controlled inpatient study, we investigated whether isocaloric manipulation of carbohydrate or fat would alter subsequent ad libitum energy intake. Eighteen non-diabetic subjects (age range 19-53 years.

Higher 24-h respiratory quotient and higher spontaneous physical activity in nighttime eaters.

We have previously shown that a higher 24-h respiratory quotient (24-h RQ) predicts greater ad-libitum food intake and that nighttime eaters (NE) ingested more calories during an in-patient food intake study and gained more weight over time. We investigated whether 24-h RQ was higher in individuals who exhibited nighttime eating behavior. Healthy nondiabetic Pima Indians (PI; n = 97, 54 male/43 female) and whites (W; n = 32, 22 male/10 female) were admitted to our Clinical Research Unit.

Reproducibility of ad libitum energy intake with the use of a computerized vending machine system.

Background: Accurate assessment of energy intake is difficult but critical for the evaluation of eating behavior and intervention effects. Consequently, methods to assess ad libitum energy intake under controlled conditions have been developed.

Objective: Our objective was to evaluate the reproducibility of ad libitum energy intake with the use of a computerized vending machine system.

Maternal influence, not diabetic intrauterine environment, predicts children's energy intake.

Offspring of women with diabetes during pregnancy are at increased risk of accelerated weight gain and diabetes, effects partly mediated by the in utero environment. Whether differences in energy intake can explain this increased risk is unknown. We compared diet composition, eating patterns, and physiological responses to a mixed meal in 63 nondiabetic children whose mothers developed diabetes either before (offspring of diabetic mothers, ODMs, n = 31, age 9.

Nighttime eating: commonly observed and related to weight gain in an inpatient food intake study.

Background: Nighttime food intake has rarely been studied in inpatient settings and only one study observed a relation between self-reported nighttime eating and weight gain.

Objective: We investigated the prevalence of nighttime eating and its effect on weight change.

Design: Healthy nondiabetic Pima Indians (n = 117; 67 M, 50 F) and whites (n = 43; 29 M, 13 F) were admitted to a clinical research unit.

The 24-h carbohydrate oxidation rate in a human respiratory chamber predicts ad libitum food intake.

Background: The 24-h respiratory quotient (24-h RQ) and 24-h carbohydrate balance (24-h CHO-Bal) are predictors of weight change. Whether these relations are mediated by the effects of substrate oxidation and balance on food intake is not known.

Objective: We tested whether substrate oxidation and balance predict future ad libitum food intake.

Lack of relationship between calcium intake and body size in an obesity-prone population.

Objective: Dietary calcium intake, especially from dairy products, may have a protective effect against obesity. This study aimed to determine if calcium intake is associated with body weight and adiposity in Pima Indians, an obesity-prone population.

Research Methods And Procedures: Subjects were 65 Pima Indian adults (35 men/30 women, age 33+/-8 years [mean+/-standard deviation]) participating in a study of eating behavior and 78 Pima Indian children (36 boys/42 girls, age 10.

Negative relationship between fasting plasma ghrelin concentrations and ad libitum food intake.

Ghrelin is a novel GH secretagogue with orexigenic effects. We hypothesized that high fasting plasma ghrelin concentrations (FxGhr) might predict high ad libitum food intake. FxGhr were measured in 30 normoglycemic subjects: 15 Pima Indians (8 male/7 female; age, 32 +/- 7 yr; body weight, 87 +/- 21 kg; mean +/-sd) and 15 Caucasians (12 male/3 female, 36 +/- 8 yr, 94 +/- 26 kg) in energy balance for 3 d before testing.