Ptolemy's Optics, double-vision, and the technological afterimage.

In contrast to earlier theorists within the Greek optical tradition, who relied almost exclusively on geometrical diagrams to articulate and explain vision, Ptolemy employed several material instruments in his investigation of sight. These included rulers, glass cylinders, mirrors, and a bronze plaque designed to measure angles of incidence and reflection. These devices allowed Ptolemy to expand the operational definition of vision far beyond that of his predecessors, as he explicated several previously unexamined visual behaviors, including binocular vision, diplopia, and refraction.

Voice Pathologies and the 'Hippocratic Triangle'.

Hippocratic authors frequently utilise silence, babbling, lisping and otherverbal signs to diagnose a variety of physical illnesses and predict theircourse. This chapter examines these 'voice pathologies' and evaluatestheir impact on the dialogue between patients and Hippocratic physicians. In short, Hippocratic authors treat patients' voices in two dissonant ways.

Heuristic Medicine: The Methodists and Metalepsis.

In the first century B.C.E.

Focus: Bounded Rationality and the History of Science. Introduction.

Historians of science see knowledge and its claimants as constrained by myriad factors. These limitations range from the assumptions and commitments of scientific practitioners to the material and ideational contexts of their practice. The precise nature of such limits and the relations among them remains an open question in the history of science.