'It's a very grey, very messy area': a qualitative examination of factors influencing undetectable gay men's HIV status disclosure to sexual partners.

HIV disclosure to sexual partners remains a multifaceted yet stigmatised process. The 'undetectable equals untransmittable' (U = U) concept has raised ethical and moral concerns about the obligation and need to disclose, and using Internet applications to seek sex partners has modified disclosure practices. While previous qualitative literature has examined the HIV disclosure process, there is a dearth of information on this topic among gay men in the USA who have an undetectable viral load.

Prevalence of Substance Use and Intimate Partner Violence in a Sample of A/PI MSM.

This study evaluates the prevalence of three forms of intimate partner violence (IPV) (i.e., experience of physical, psychological/symbolic, and sexual battering) among a national sample of Asian/Pacific Islander (A/PI) men who have sex with men (MSM) in the United States and identifies their characteristics.

Social distance and stigma toward individuals with schizophrenia: findings in an urban, African-American community sample.

Because schizophrenia is arguably among the most stigmatized health conditions, research assessing correlates of stigma is essential. This study examined factors associated with stigma in predominantly Protestant, low-income, urban African Americans in the Southeastern United States. A survey was distributed to 282 patrons of an inner-city food court/farmers' market.

Beliefs about causes of schizophrenia among urban African American community members.

The public's causal attributions of schizophrenia have far-reaching effects on the community and affected individuals. This study investigated causal beliefs within a community of predominantly Protestant, low-income, urban, African Americans in the southeastern United States. Two hundred eighty-two patrons of an inner-city food court/farmers' market participated in a self-administered survey assessing causal beliefs through a 30-item survey and self-reported causal opinions.

Appropriate remedial action? medical students, medical schools, and smoking and health education in New York and the United States, 1964-87.

The Surgeon General's 1964 report on smoking and health, which declared that cigarette smoking was a cause of lung cancer, is considered a landmark in the history of medicine and public health. This article examines the impact of the report on medical student education by reviewing how the relationship between smoking and lung cancer was presented in medical school textbooks and syllabi between 1964 and 1987, changes in hospital smoking regulations and doctors' attitudes toward smoking following the publication of the report, and medical students' smoking patterns and attitudes toward cigarette smoking in the years after 1964. Although it provided some advanced students with additional insight into mechanisms of pathogenesis related to smoking, the education that many medical students received seems to have been neither a primary influence on their smoking patterns nor an important source of their scientific understanding of the causal link between smoking and lung cancer for at least a decade following the publication of the Surgeon General's report.

The emergence of multiple sclerosis, 1870-1950: a puzzle of historical epidemiology.

In 1868, Jean-Martin Charcot identified multiple sclerosis (MS) as a distinct nosological entity. By 1870, American neurologists became aware of the "new" disease and began to diagnose cases in the United States. For the next 50 years, however, American physicians thought it was a rare condition.

The emergence of multiple sclerosis as a nosological category in France, 1838-1868.

Neurologists have retold a story about the discovery of multiple sclerosis (MS) in essentially the same form from the 1870s to the present. Upon close analysis this narrative was found to be problematic. Once the nosological category of MS came into existence in 1868, physicians reread the scientific past through this new category and created a linear story.