Differential item and test functioning methodology indicated that item response bias was not a substantial cause of country differences in mental well-being.

Objectives: Establishing the cross-cultural equivalence of the mental well-being construct, as measured with the Warwick-Edinburg Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS), by studying potential construct validity biases in two countries with previously reported score differences.

Study Design And Setting: We compared the WEMWBS total scores and item responses in Scotland (N = 779) and Catalonia (N = 1,900) general population samples. To assess whether the questionnaire spuriously favored higher scores in Catalonia, we tested for differential item functioning (DIF) by applying ordinal logistic regression on Item Response Theory scores.

Identification of metabolites and thermal transformation products of quinolones in raw cow's milk by liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry.

The presence of residues of antibiotics, metabolites, and thermal transformation products (TPs), produced during thermal treatment to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms in milk, could represent a risk for people. Cow's milk samples spiked with enrofloxacin (ENR), ciprofloxacin (CIP), difloxacin (DIF), and sarafloxacin (SAR) and milk samples from cows medicated with ENR were submitted to several thermal treatments. The milk samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to find and identify TPs and metabolites.

The Spanish version of the Warwick-Edinburgh mental well-being scale (WEMWBS) is valid for use in the general population.

Purpose: Mental well-being has aroused interest in Europe as an indicator of population health. The Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS) was developed in the United Kingdom showing good face validity and has been previously adapted into Spanish. The aim of this study is to assess the validity and reliability of the Spanish version of WEMWBS in the general population.

Adaptation into Spanish of the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS) and preliminary validation in a student sample.

Purpose: There is growing interest in the assessment of positive mental health as a global indicator of societal wealth. We aimed to adapt the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being scale (WEMWBS) into Spanish and to perform a preliminary evaluation of its metric properties.

Methods: Forward and back-translations and cognitive debriefing were carried out.

Religious advisors' role in mental health care in the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders survey.

Objective: To study the role of religious advisors in mental health problems in six European countries and to compare it to data from the USA.

Methods: Data were derived from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) study, a cross-sectional study, conducted in Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain. 21,425 individuals, 18 and older, were interviewed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview 3.

Perceived need for mental health care and service use among adults in Western Europe: results of the ESEMeD project.

Objective: This study assessed prevalence and correlates of perceived need for mental health care and its role in help seeking.

Methods: Data were from general population surveys conducted for the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders. The sample consisted of adults who screened positive for specific mood and anxiety symptoms in surveys conducted in Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, and Spain (N=8,796).

[Psychotropic medications use in Spain. Results of the ESEMeD-Spain study].

Introduction: Psychotropic drugs are frequently used in the population and account for a big share of the Spanish health budget. This study aims to describe the patterns of use of psychotropic drugs in the Spanish general population and its relationship with mental health.

Methods: A stratified, multistage, clustered area, probability sample design was used and 5,473 non-institutionalized individuals older than 18 were randomly selected among the Spanish population.

[Mental health care use in the Spanish general populations. Results of the ESEMeD-Spain study].

Introduction: Between 17% and 30% of the world population suffers from a mental disorder in a given year and only a small proportion of them established contact with health services. This information is not available concerning the Spanish population. This study aims to describe the health services utilization related with mental disorders in Spain, as well as to identify factors related with such utilization.

[The impact of mood and anxiety disorders, and physical chronic conditions in the quality of life of general population of Spain. Results of the ESEMeD-Spain study].

Introduction: Mental disorders and chronic physical conditions significantly impair health related quality of life (HRQOL). To date, there are no studies in the general population of Spain about their impact. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the impact of mood and anxiety disorders and chronic physical conditions in HRQOL and functional disability (estimated considering work loss days).

[One year prevalence of mental disorders comorbidity and associated socio-demographic risk factors in the general population of Spain. Results of the ESEMeD-Spain study].

Introduction: Comorbidity among mental disorders in the general population is common, affecting more than the 50 % of individuals with a lifetime mental disorder. In Spain, there are no data describing it or its associated risk factors.

Method: The ESEMeD-Spain study is an epidemiological study assessing mental disorders in a sample of 5,473 individuals from the general population of Spain aged 18 years or older.

Population level of unmet need for mental healthcare in Europe.

Background: The high prevalence of mental disorders has fuelled controversy about the need for mental health services.

Aims: To estimate unmet need for mental healthcare at the population level in Europe.

Method: As part of the European Study of Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project, a cross-sectional survey was conducted of representative samples of the adult general population of Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands and Spain (n=8796).

[Prevalence and physical-mental comorbidity of chronic back and neck pain in Spain: results from the ESEMeD Study].

Background And Objective: Chronic back pain (CBP) and chronic neck pain (CNP) are highly prevalent among the adult population. However, less is known about its comorbidity with other diseases and its impact on global functioning. The objectives of following study, that is part of the ESEMeD-Spain study, are to estimate CBP-CNP prevalence among Spanish population, its comorbidity with other physical and mental conditions, and its impact on global functioning.

Treatment adequacy of anxiety and depressive disorders: primary versus specialised care in Spain.

Background: Literature suggests that a high proportion of the population with mental disorders remains either untreated or poorly treated. This study aimed to describe the adequacy of treatment for Anxiety and Depressive disorders in Spain, how this differs between providers (primary versus specialised care) and which factors are associated with appropriate care.

Method: Data were derived from the Spanish sample (N=5473) of the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD), a cross sectional study in a representative sample of adults.

[Prevalence of mental disorders and associated factors: results from the ESEMeD-Spain study].

Background And Objective: The ESEMeD-Spain project is an epidemiological study about mental disorders in Spain. We present 12 month-prevalence and lifetime-prevalence of the main mood, anxiety and alcohol use disorders; the influence of sociodemographic factors on its presence and age of onset of the disorders.

Subjects And Method: Cross-sectional household survey of a representative sample of the population of Spain 18 years or older.

Psychotropic drug utilization in Europe: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project.

Objective: To assess psychotropic drug utilization in the general population of six European countries, and the pattern of use in individuals with different DSM-IV diagnoses of 12-month mental disorders.

Method: Data were derived from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD/MHEDEA 2000), a cross-sectional psychiatric epidemiological study in a representative sample of 21 425 adults aged 18 or older from six European countries (e.g.

Use of mental health services in Europe: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project.

Objective: Comprehensive information about access and patterns of use of mental health services in Europe is lacking. We present the first results of the use of health services for mental disorders in six European countries as part of the ESEMeD project.

Method: The study was conducted in: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain.

Disability and quality of life impact of mental disorders in Europe: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project.

Objective: This manuscript examines the impact of mental health state and specific mental and physical disorders on work role disability and quality of life in six European countries.

Method: The ESEMeD study was conducted in: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain. Individuals aged 18 years and over who were not institutionalized were eligible for an in-home computer-assisted interview.

12-Month comorbidity patterns and associated factors in Europe: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project.

Objective: Comorbidity patterns of 12-month mood, anxiety and alcohol disorders and socio-demographic factors associated with comorbidity were studied among the general population of six European countries.

Method: Data were derived from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD), a cross-sectional psychiatric epidemiological study in a representative sample of adults aged 18 years or older in Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain. The diagnostic instrument used was the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WMH-CIDI).

Prevalence of mental disorders in Europe: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project.

Objective: To describe the 12-month and lifetime prevalence rates of mood, anxiety and alcohol disorders in six European countries.

Method: A representative random sample of non-institutionalized inhabitants from Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain aged 18 or older (n = 21425) were interviewed between January 2001 and August 2003. DSM-IV disorders were assessed by lay interviewers using a revised version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WMH-CIDI).

Sampling and methods of the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project.

Objective: The European Study of Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project was designed to evaluate the prevalence, the impact and the treatment patterns in Europe. This paper presents an overview of the methods implemented in the project.

Method: ESEMeD is a cross-sectional study in a representative sample of 21 425 adults, 18 or older, from the general population of Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain.

[Epidemiology of mental disorders in Spain: methods and participation in the ESEMeD-Spain project].

Introduction: The ESEMeD-Spain study is part of a European project on the epidemiology of mental disorders, which is also part of a World Health Organization initiative called World Mental Health Surveys. The main objectives of the study are to estimate the prevalence of mental disorders in Spain; to analyze their association with sociodemographic variables and predisposing and protective factors; to evaluate their impact on the quality of life; and to describe and evaluate the health care received by people with mental disorders.

Methods: A representative sample of the noninstitutionalized Spanish population older than 18 years is interviewed.