Carbohydrate Nutrition and Skill Performance in Soccer.

In soccer, players must perform a variety of sport-specific skills usually during or immediately after running, often at sprint speed. The quality of the skill performed is likely influenced by the volume of work done in attacking and defending over the duration of the match. Even the most highly skilful players succumb to the impact of fatigue both physical and mental, which may result in underperforming skills at key moments in a match.

Effects of Oral Creatine Supplementation on Power Output during Repeated Treadmill Sprinting.

The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of creatine (Cr) supplementation on power output during repeated sprints on a non-motorized treadmill. Sixteen recreationally active males volunteered for this study (age 25.5 ± 4.

Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Effects of Carbohydrate Ingestion During Exercise.

The purpose of this current opinion paper is to describe the journey of ingested carbohydrate from 'mouth to mitochondria' culminating in energy production in skeletal muscles during exercise. This journey is conveniently described as primary, secondary, and tertiary events. The primary stage is detection of ingested carbohydrate by receptors in the oral cavity and on the tongue that activate reward and other centers in the brain leading to insulin secretion.

Carbohydrate Nutrition and Team Sport Performance.

The common pattern of play in 'team sports' is 'stop and go', i.e. where players perform repeated bouts of brief high-intensity exercise punctuated by lower intensity activity.

Misuse of "Power" and Other Mechanical Terms in Sport and Exercise Science Research.

Despite the Système International d'Unitès (SI) that was published in 1960, there continues to be widespread misuse of the terms and nomenclature of mechanics in descriptions of exercise performance. Misuse applies principally to failure to distinguish between mass and weight, velocity and speed, and especially the terms "work" and "power." These terms are incorrectly applied across the spectrum from high-intensity short-duration to long-duration endurance exercise.

The Influence of Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse on Self-Selected Intermittent Running Performance.

This study investigated the influence of mouth rinsing a carbohydrate solution on self-selected intermittent variable-speed running performance. Eleven male amateur soccer players completed a modified version of the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) on 2 occasions separated by 1 wk. The modified LIST allowed the self-selection of running speeds during Block 6 of the protocol (75-90 min).

Effect of carbohydrate or sodium bicarbonate ingestion on performance during a validated basketball simulation test.

Current recommendations for nutritional interventions in basketball are largely extrapolated from laboratory-based studies that are not sport-specific. We therefore adapted and validated a basketball simulation test relative to competitive basketball games using well-trained basketball players (n = 10), then employed this test to evaluate the effects of two common preexercise nutritional interventions on basketball-specific physical and skilled performance. Specifically, in a randomized and counterbalanced order, participants ingested solutions providing either 75 g carbohydrate (sucrose) 45 min before exercise (Study A; n = 10) or 2 × 0.

Intense exercise training and immune function.

Regular moderate exercise reduces the risk of infection compared with a sedentary lifestyle, but very prolonged bouts of exercise and periods of intensified training are associated with increased infection risk. In athletes, a common observation is that symptoms of respiratory infection cluster around competitions, and even minor illnesses such as colds can impair exercise performance. There are several behavioral, nutritional and training strategies that can be adopted to limit exercise-induced immunodepression and minimize the risk of infection.

Growth-hormone responses to consecutive exercise bouts with ingestion of carbohydrate plus protein.

Endocrine responses to repeated exercise have barely been investigated, and no data are available regarding the mediating influence of nutrition. On 3 occasions, participants ran for 90 min at 70% VO2max (R1) before a second exhaustive treadmill run at the same intensity (R2; 91.6 ± 17.

Isokinetic and isometric muscle function of the knee extensors and flexors during simulated soccer activity: effect of exercise and dehydration.

This study investigated the influence of dehydration during soccer-type intermittent exercise on isokinetic and isometric muscle function. Eight soccer players performed two 90-min high-intensity intermittent shuttle-running trials without (NF) or with (FL) fluid ingestion (5 ml · kg(-1) before and 2 ml · kg(-1) every 15 min). Isokinetic and isometric strength and muscular power of knee flexors and knee extensors were measured pre-exercise, at half-time and post-exercise using isokinetic dynamometry.

Growth Hormone Responses to Consecutive Exercise Bouts with Ingestion of Carbohydrate plus Protein.

Endocrine responses to repeated exercise have hardly been investigated and no data are available regarding the mediating influence of nutrition. On three occasions, participants ran for 90 min at 70% VO2max (R1) before a second exhaustive treadmill run at the same intensity (R2; 91.6 ± 17.

The effect of carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage drinking strategy on 10-mile running performance.

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the influence of ingesting a carbohydrate-electrolyte (CHO-E) beverage ad libitum or as a prescribed volume on 10-mile run performance and gastrointestinal (GI) discomfort. Nine male recreational runners completed the 10-mile run under the following 3 conditions: no drinking (ND; 0 ml, 0 g CHO), ad libitum drinking (AD; 315 ± 123 ml, 19 ± 7 g CHO), and prescribed drinking (PD; 1,055 ± 90 ml, 64 ± 5 g CHO). During the AD and PD trials, drinks were provided on completion of Miles 2, 4, 6, and 8.

Effect of mouth-rinsing carbohydrate solutions on endurance performance.

Ingesting carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions during exercise has been reported to benefit self-paced time-trial performance. The mechanism responsible for this ergogenic effect is unclear. For example, during short duration (≤1 hour), intense (>70% maximal oxygen consumption) exercise, euglycaemia is rarely challenged and adequate muscle glycogen remains at the cessation of exercise.

Caffeine ingestion, affect and perceived exertion during prolonged cycling.

Caffeine's metabolic and performance effects have been widely reported. However, caffeine's effects on affective states during prolonged exercise are unknown. Therefore, this was examined in the present study.

Oxidative stress, inflammation and recovery of muscle function after damaging exercise: effect of 6-week mixed antioxidant supplementation.

There is no consensus regarding the effects of mixed antioxidant vitamin C and/or vitamin E supplementation on oxidative stress responses to exercise and restoration of muscle function. Thirty-eight men were randomly assigned to receive either placebo group (n = 18) or mixed antioxidant (primarily vitamin C & E) supplements (n = 20) in a double-blind manner. After 6 weeks, participants performed 90 min of intermittent shuttle-running.

Short-term recovery from prolonged exercise: exploring the potential for protein ingestion to accentuate the benefits of carbohydrate supplements.

This review considers aspects of the optimal nutritional strategy for recovery from prolonged moderate to high intensity exercise. Dietary carbohydrate represents a central component of post-exercise nutrition. Therefore, carbohydrate should be ingested as early as possible in the post-exercise period and at frequent (i.

Influence of ingesting versus mouth rinsing a carbohydrate solution during a 1-h run.

Purpose: To investigate the influence of ingesting versus mouth rinsing a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution on 1-h running performance.

Methods: After a 14- to 15-h fast, 10 endurance-trained male runners (mean ± SD: VO2peak = 65.0 ± 4.

Influence of ingesting a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution before and during a 1-hour run in fed endurance-trained runners.

The aim of this study was to determine whether the ingestion of a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution would improve 1-h running performance in runners who had consumed a meal 3 h before exercise. Ten endurance-trained male runners completed two trials that required them to run as far as possible in 1 h on an automated treadmill that allowed changes in running speed without manual input. Following the consumption of the pre-exercise meal, which provided 2.

Influence of ingesting a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution before and during a 1-hr running performance test.

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of ingesting a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution (CHO-E) on performance during a 1-hr treadmill run. Eight male endurance-trained runners (age 31 +/- 8 yr, M +/- SD) completed three 1-hr performance runs separated by 1 wk. The study used a double-blind placebo (PLA) controlled design.

Carbohydrate ingestion and soccer skill performance during prolonged intermittent exercise.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ingesting a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution, during the 90-min Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test, on soccer skill performance. Seventeen male soccer players ingested either a 6.4% carbohydrate-electrolyte solution or placebo solution equivalent to 8 ml .

Influence of mouth rinsing a carbohydrate solution on 1-h running performance.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of mouth rinsing a CHO-electrolyte (CHO-E) solution on 1-h running performance. A second study determined whether mouth rinsing a CHO-E solution altered the blood glucose and plasma insulin concentrations at rest.

Methods: After a 13-h fast, 10 endurance-trained male runners completed two 1-h performance runs on an automated treadmill while mouth rinsing 25 mL of either a 6.

The influence of carbohydrate mouth rinse on self-selected speeds during a 30-min treadmill run.

The purpose of this study was to examine the influences of a carbohydrate (CHO) mouth rinse on self-selected running speeds during a 30-min treadmill run. Ten endurance-trained men performed 2 trials, each involving a 10-min warm-up at 60% VO2max followed by a 30-min run. The run was performed on an automated treadmill that allowed the spontaneous selection of speeds without manual input.