Cymbopogon citratus showing nematicidal activity against Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri.

This paper describes a novel in vivo study of Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass) to assess its anthelmintic activity. To this end, C57BL/6 mice were separated into three groups: G1: uninfected; G2: negative control infected with Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri and administered with 3% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO); and G3: infected with H. polygyrus bakeri and treated with C.

The Role of Melanin in the Biology and Ecology of Nematophagous Fungi.

Melanin is a heteropolymer formed by the polymerization of phenolic and indolic compounds. It occurs in organisms across all biological kingdoms and has a range different of functions, thus indicating its important evolutionary role. The presence of melanin offers several protective advantages, including against ultraviolet radiation, traumatic damage, oxidative stress, extreme temperatures, and pressure.

Implication of the fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) in sheep for better use of available drugs.

The aim here is to present data on the efficacy of anthelmintics in sheep flocks in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and to discuss the interpretation of the fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) for each nematode genus. Fecal eggs counts and pre- and post-treatment coprocultures were performed, the former to evaluate the efficacy of and the latter to determine the overall parasite prevalence. An additional efficacy test was performed at Farm # 1 a year after the initial test.

Synthesis and role of melanin for tolerating rumen digestion in , a nematode-trapping fungus.

We describe the synthesis and a function of melanin in , a nematode-trapping fungus. We tested various culture media treated with L-DOPA, glucose and tricyclazole on fungal growth and melanin distribution using infrared spectroscopy (IS), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). rumen digestion was used to test the environmental stress and then to evaluate the capacity of this fungus to trap nematode larvae.

Anatomopathological changes, quantification and distribution of spp. in regions of the proventriculus and ventriculus of naturally- and experimentally-infected ostriches.

Nematodes of the genus parasitize ostriches, causing high mortality rates. These nematodes are found in the proventriculus and ventriculus of ostriches, but little is known about their distribution and the possible anatomopathological changes they cause in the various regions of these organs. This paper describes the distribution and quantification of and pathological changes found in regions of the proventriculus and ventriculus of ostriches with high and low levels of both natural and experimental infection.

In vitro efficacy of Duddingtonia flagrans against nematodes of sheep based on in vivo calculations.

Duddingtonia flagrans has been tested as an alternative parasite control, but data from in vitro experiments based on in vivo calculations describing nematophagous fungi predation in nematodes are restricted. The objective of this work was to determine the efficacy of D. flagrans against sheep nematode larvae in vitro using in vivo calculations.

Overview of anthelmintic resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants in Brazil.

Frequent and inappropriate use of all classes of antiparasitic drugs in small ruminants has led to failures in their effectiveness, culminating in a global problem of anthelmintic resistance. Brazil stands out as one of the world's leaders in publications about anthelmintic resistance, and for having the most numerous reports of this resistance in small ruminants in the Americas. These studies have involved mainly the fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) and its correlation with field management practices.

Duddingtonia flagrans in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of horses.

Horses can harbor a large amount of parasites that may cause serious clinical signs even death. The aim of this study was to evaluate the predatory activity of the fungus Duddingtonia flagrans against infective larvae (L3) of gastrointestinal nematodes of horses in fecal culture. The experimental design was completely randomized with three treated groups (G1, G2 and G3) and one control (CG), using eight animals/group.

Population dynamics of Libyostrongylus dentatus and L. douglassii of ostriches raised in the Northern Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil.

Libyostrongylus genus contains three species of gastrointestinal nematodes that infect ostriches. Of these, only Libyostrongylus douglassii has been implicated in diseases and lower productivity. A morphological diagnosis method allowing the discrimination of infective larvae of L.

Efficacy of albendazole and moxidectin and resistance to ivermectin against Libyostrongylus douglassii and Libyostrongylus dentatus in ostriches.

Anthelmintic resistance has emerged globally as a problem amongst nematode of livestock and has been particularly well documented in equine and small ruminants. There are no studies regarding the efficacy of anthelmintics against the hematophagous nematodes in ostriches, Libyostrongylus dentatus; and just a few on L. douglassii.

Mixed infection with Libyostrongylus dentatus and Libyostrongylus douglassii induces a heterophilic inflammatory infiltrate in the proventriculus of ostriches.

Libyostrongylus dentatus and Libyostrongylus douglassii are haematophagous nematodes found in the proventriculus and the ventriculus of ostriches. Pathological damage leading to bird death has been attributed to L. douglassii.

Kinetics of capture and infection of infective larvae of trichostrongylides and free-living nematodes Panagrellus sp. by Duddingtonia flagrans.

Duddingtonia flagrans, a nematode-trapping fungus, has been investigated as an agent for biological control against infective larvae of gastrointestinal nematode parasites of production animals. The initial process of nematode-trapping fungi infection is based on an interaction between the trap structure of the fungus and the surface of the nematode cuticle. This report investigates by light and scanning electron microscopy the kinetics of capture and infection during the interaction of D.

Occurrence of nematodes and anthelmintic management of ostrich farms from different Brazilian states: Libyostrongylus douglassii dominates mixed infections.

Ostriches were imported to Brazil in the early 1990s without appropriate parasite control leading to a co-importation of parasites. Libyostrongylus douglassii, Libyostrongylus dentatus and Codiostomum struthionis are nematodes of the ostriches that have been reported on some Brazilian farms but no national survey has been performed. Moreover, little is known about anthelmintic usage to control these parasites in Brazil.

Helminths found in marmosets (Callithrix penicillata and Callithrixjacchus) introduced to the region of occurrence of golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecusrosalia) in Brazil.

The introduction of exotic species can increase the risk of extinction of native species through the introduction of new diseases, predation or resource competition. The marmosets Callithrix penicillata and Callithrix jacchus and hybrids of these two species have been introduced to privately owned forests in the lowland Atlantic forest of the Rio de Janeiro State in Brazil, the region of occurrence of the endangered golden lion tamarin, Leontopithecus rosalia. Because the ecology and biology of the marmosets and tamarins is similar, there is a reasonable risk that the marmosets would transmit pathogens such as endo parasites.

Anthelmintic efficacy and management practices in sheep farms from the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Anthelmintic resistance in parasites maybe a consequence of over-exposing populations of parasites to drugs or from the commerce/transit of animals harboring resistant parasites. Knowledge of the sensitivity of nematodes to anthelmintics is essential to establish an efficient integrated program of parasite control. In Brazil, producers rely on technology transfer from field professionals and non-technical labor for new management strategies of parasite control.

Morphological diagnosis of infective larvae of Libyostrongylus douglassii (Cobbold, 1882) Lane, 1923 and L. dentatus Hoberg, Lloyd and Omar, 1995 (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) of ostriches.

The differentiation of the species of the Libyostrongylus genus is only possible with the obtainment of the adult parasites in the ostriches proventriculus and gizzard. The present work confirms that it is possible to differentiate the infective larvae of L. douglassii and L.

Mixed infection by Libyostrongylus douglassii and L. dentatus (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae) in Struthio camelus (Ratites: Struthioniformes) from Brazil with further morphological characterization of adults.

The genus Libyostrongylus includes three species, L. douglassii, L. dentatus and L.

Occurrence of Libyostrongylus sp. (Nematoda) in ostriches (Struthio camelus Linnaeus, 1758) from the north region of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Domestic production of ostrich in Brazil started in the beginning of the last decade, but its sanitary state has not been reported. Libyostrongylus sp. is an ostrich specific nematode whose parasitism can severely affect the birds.