Effects of Early Nutrition on the Infant Metabolome.

Breastfeeding induces a different metabolic and endocrine response than feeding conventional infant formula, and it has also been associated with slower weight gain and reduced disease risk in later life. The underlying programming mechanisms remain to be explored. Breastfeeding has been reported to induce lower levels of insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1 and some amino acids (AAs) than formula feeding.

Protein intake in infancy and carotid intima media thickness at 5 years--a secondary analysis from a randomized trial.

Background: Nutrition in childhood has an influence on the cardiovascular function later on in life. European Childhood Obesity Project is a multicenter, randomized clinical intervention trial examining the effect of early protein intake on later health outcomes, particularly adiposity and related disorders. The aim of the study was to examine the effect of nutritional intervention--different protein intake in infancy on carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) at 5 years.

Dietary protein intake affects amino acid and acylcarnitine metabolism in infants aged 6 months.

Context: The protective effect of breast-feeding against later obesity may be explained by the lower protein content compared with formula milk. However, the metabolic mechanisms remain unknown.

Objective: We studied the metabolic response to a higher or lower protein supply in infancy.

Maternal postnatal depression and child growth: a European cohort study.

Background: Previous studies have reported postpartum depression to be associated with both positive and negative effects on early infant growth. This study examined the hypothesis that maternal postnatal depression may be a risk factor for later child growth faltering or overweight.

Methods: A total of 929 women and their children participating in a European multicenter study were included at a median age of 14 days.

Infantile colic, prolonged crying and maternal postnatal depression.

Aim: To study if infant crying is associated with maternal postnatal depression.

Methods: Data from 1015 mothers and their children participating in a prospective European multicentre study were analysed. Infantile colic and prolonged crying were defined as excessive crying as reported by the mothers 2 and 6 months after delivery, and at the same time the mothers completed the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS).