The droplet size of intraduodenal fat emulsions influences antropyloroduodenal motility, hormone release, and appetite in healthy males.

Background: The presence of fat in the small intestine modulates gastrointestinal motility, stimulates plasma cholecystokinin and peptide YY release, and suppresses appetite and energy intake. These effects are dependent on the lipolysis of fat.

Objective: Our aim was to evaluate the hypothesis that increasing the droplet size of a fat emulsion would attenuate these effects.

The impact of dietary and lifestyle risk factors on risk of colorectal cancer: a quantitative overview of the epidemiological evidence.

Colorectal cancer is a major cause of cancer mortality and is considered to be largely attributable to inappropriate lifestyle and behavior patterns. The purpose of this review was to undertake a comparison of the strength of the associations between known and putative risk factors for colorectal cancer by conducting 10 independent meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies. Studies published between 1966 and January 2008 were identified through EMBASE and MEDLINE, using a combined text word and MESH heading search strategy.

Lowering cholesterol - a review on the role of plant sterols.

Background: Plant sterols are an important but underused dietary component in the treatment of elevated blood cholesterol.

Objective: This review discusses the background to plant sterol use and reviews evidence about its use in clinical practice.

Discussion: When consumed in the recommended amounts, sterols alone decrease low density lipoprotein cholesterol; in combination with other dietary changes, low density lipoprotein can be further lowered.

High protein-high red meat versus high carbohydrate weight loss diets do not differ in effect on genome stability and cell death in lymphocytes of overweight men.

The importance of diet in DNA damage prevention is well established; however, the comparison of weight loss diets with different micronutrient and macronutrient profiles on genome stability in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) has not been studied. This study tested the hypothesis that genome stability in PBLs of overweight men who consume a high protein-high red meat (HP) weight loss diet is different from that of overweight men who consume a high carbohydrate (HC) weight loss diet. Thirty-three male subjects were randomly assigned to an HP or HC isocaloric energy-restricted dietary intervention for 12 weeks intensive weight loss and weight maintenance up to 52 weeks.

Comparative effects of very low-carbohydrate, high-fat and high-carbohydrate, low-fat weight-loss diets on bowel habit and faecal short-chain fatty acids and bacterial populations.

Very low-carbohydrate diets are often used to promote weight loss, but their effects on bowel health and function are largely unknown. We compared the effects of a very low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LC) diet with a high-carbohydrate, high-fibre, low-fat (HC) diet on indices of bowel health and function. In a parallel study design, ninety-one overweight and obese participants (age 50.

High protein diets decrease total and abdominal fat and improve CVD risk profile in overweight and obese men and women with elevated triacylglycerol.

Background And Aims: It is unclear whether high protein weight loss diets have beneficial effects on weight loss, abdominal fat mass, lipids, glucose and insulin compared to conventional low fat diets in subjects at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) because of elevated glucose and triglyceride concentrations. Our objective was to determine the effects of high protein (HP) compared to standard protein (SP) diets on CVD risk in obese adults.

Methods And Results: Data from three, 12 week, randomized parallel trials with subjects assigned to either HP or SP diet (5500-6500 kJ/day) were pooled.

Heart rate recovery improves after weight loss in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Objective: To determine the effects of weight loss on heart rate recovery (HRR) in overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Design: A 10-week prospective clinical intervention.

Setting: Clinical research unit.

Effects of a low-salt diet on flow-mediated dilatation in humans.

Background: The effect of salt reduction on vascular function, assessed by brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD), is unknown.

Objective: Our aim was to compare the effects of a low-salt (LS; 50 mmol Na/d) diet with those of a usual-salt (US; 150 mmol Na/d) diet on FMD.

Design: This was a randomized crossover design in which 29 overweight and obese normotensive men and women followed an LS diet and a US diet for 2 wk.

Hyperphagia and increased meal size are responsible for weight gain in rats treated sub-chronically with olanzapine.

Rationale: Atypical antipsychotic-induced weight gain is a significant impediment in the treatment of schizophrenia.

Objectives: In a putative model of antipsychotic drug-induced weight gain, we investigated the effects of sub-chronic olanzapine on body weight, meal patterns, the expression of genes encoding for hypothalamic feeding-related neuropeptides and the contribution of hyperphagia to olanzapine-induced weight gain in rats.

Materials And Methods: In experiment 1, female rats received either olanzapine (1 mg/kg, p.

Dietary treatment for obesity.

In patients with obesity, low-fat diets seem to result in a weight loss of 3-4 kg at 3 years, but long-term data are limited. Calorie-controlled diets seem to outperform low-fat diets with reported weight losses of 6-7 kg at 4 years, but, again, data are very limited; an initial very-low-calorie diet approach does not lead to greater weight loss than low-fat diets in the long term. Use of meal replacements can lead to an 8 kg weight loss at 4 years, but this finding has been reported only in one, uncontrolled study.

Reductions in blood pressure following energy restriction for weight loss do not rebound after re-establishment of energy balance in overweight and obese subjects.

Objective: The objective of the present study was to elucidate the separate effects of energy restriction and weight loss on blood pressure (BP) and to assess the relationship between sodium intake, weight loss, and BP.

Methods: Two hundred and eight overweight and obese subjects (age: 52.4 +/- 0.

WO03/062224 is an in vivo selective agonist at nicotinic beta4 receptors.

Pharmacological agents that increase cholinergic transmission have considerable use in cognitive disorders and evidence from both human and animal studies suggests that nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) represent an attractive target for treating certain neurological disorders. This investigation aimed to provide an in vivo verification of the in vitro data on WO03/062224, an agonist selective at beta4 subunit-containing nicotinic receptors. The effects of WO03/062224 were tested on wildtype and beta4 nAChR null mice on two behavioural paradigms; locomotor behaviour and instrumental responding for food on a second order schedule.

The effect of a hypocaloric diet with and without exercise training on body composition, cardiometabolic risk profile, and reproductive function in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Context: In overweight women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the benefits of the addition of exercise to an energy-restricted diet in further improving cardiometabolic risk factors and reproductive function has not been extensively studied.

Objective: The objective was to evaluate the effects of aerobic and aerobic-resistance exercise when combined with an energy-restricted high protein diet (5000-6000 kJ/d) on metabolic risk factors and reproductive function in women with PCOS.

Design And Setting: A 20-wk outpatient, randomized, parallel study was conducted in a metropolitan research clinic.

The effect of meal replacements high in glycomacropeptide on weight loss and markers of cardiovascular disease risk.

Background: Glycomacropeptide (GMP) is a peptide that has been shown to stimulate release of cholecystokinin, which may promote satiety.

Objective: The aim of this one-year study was to examine whether greater weight loss could be achieved and sustained with a GMP-enriched whey powder supplement compared with a skim milk powder supplement.

Design: In a double-blind, randomized, parallel-design study using meal replacements, weight, body composition (determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), blood pressure, fasting lipids, glucose, and insulin were measured at baseline, 6, and 12 mo.

Protein in optimal health: heart disease and type 2 diabetes.

Diets with increased protein and reduced carbohydrates have been shown to improve body composition, lipid and lipoprotein profiles, and glycemic regulations associated with treatment of obesity and weight loss. Derived from these outcomes, high-protein, low-carbohydrate diets are also being examined for treatment of heart disease, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes. High-protein, low-carbohydrate diets have been found to have positive effects on reducing risk factors for heart disease, including reducing serum triacylglycerol, increasing HDL cholesterol, increasing LDL particle size, and reducing blood pressure.

Effect of caloric restriction with and without exercise training on oxidative stress and endothelial function in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes.

Aim: Effects of dietary weight loss on endothelial function, particularly when combined with exercise training, is largely unknown in type 2 diabetes. We sought to determine whether aerobic exercise training provided any additional improvements in endothelial function, oxidative stress or other established markers of cardiovascular risk when combined with an energy-restricted diet in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods: In a parallel study design, 29 sedentary, overweight and obese patients with type 2 diabetes (age 52.

Metabolic effects of high-protein diets.

Protein is more satiating than carbohydrate or fat, and high-protein diets (25%-35% of energy) are commonly used for weight loss. High-protein diets usually replace carbohydrate with protein and may be low or high in saturated fat. Invariably, serum triglyceride is lower with the lower intake of carbohydrate, but the effects on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol are strongly dependent on the amount of carbohydrate restriction and the intake of saturated fat, and in some cases low-density lipoprotein cholesterol may rise despite weight loss.

Comparative effects of olanzapine and ziprasidone on hypophagia induced by enhanced histamine neurotransmission in the rat.

Atypical antipsychotic drugs (AAPDs), such as olanzapine, are associated with weight gain and hyperphagia in both humans and rodents. This side effect, however, is absent or reduced for AAPD such as ziprasidone. The increased levels of appetite seen in rodents may be related to drug interactions with brain histamine systems involved in appetite control.

Effect of carbohydrate distribution on postprandial glucose peaks with the use of continuous glucose monitoring in type 2 diabetes.

Background: Large postprandial glucose peaks are associated with increased risk of diabetic complications and cardiovascular disease.

Objective: We investigated the effect of carbohydrate distribution on postprandial glucose peaks with continuous blood glucose monitoring (CGMS), when consuming a moderate carbohydrate diet in energy balance in subjects with type 2 diabetes.

Design: Twenty-three subjects with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to each of four 3-d interventions in a crossover design with a 4-d washout period.

Effects of weight loss from a very-low-carbohydrate diet on endothelial function and markers of cardiovascular disease risk in subjects with abdominal obesity.

Background: The effects of a very-low-carbohydrate, high-saturated-fat weight-loss diet (LC) on brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) and markers of endothelial function are unknown.

Objective: The effect of an LC on markers of endothelial function and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk was compared with that of an isocaloric high-carbohydrate, low-saturated-fat diet (HC).

Design: FMD and markers of endothelial function (n = 70) and CVD risk were measured before and after 8 wk of weight loss.

Genome instability is increased in lymphocytes of women with polycystic ovary syndrome and is correlated with insulin resistance.

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with insulin resistance and reproductive and metabolic abnormalities. The potential genetic contributors to PCOS are unclear. We tested the hypothesis that genomic instability (chromosome malsegregation and DNA damage) is increased in PCOS.

Long-term effects of a high-protein weight-loss diet.

Background: Evidence that high-protein diets are an effective strategy for the maintenance of long-term weight loss is limited.

Objective: The objective was to determine the efficacy of a higher protein intake on the maintenance of weight loss after 64 wk of follow-up.

Design: Seventy-nine healthy women with a mean (+/-SD) age of 49+/-9 y and a body mass index (in kg/m2) of 32.

Metabolic effects of weight loss on a very-low-carbohydrate diet compared with an isocaloric high-carbohydrate diet in abdominally obese subjects.

Objectives: This study was designed to compare the effects of an energy-reduced, isocaloric very-low-carbohydrate, high-fat (VLCHF) diet and a high-carbohydrate, low-fat (HCLF) diet on weight loss and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk outcomes.

Background: Despite the popularity of the VLCHF diet, no studies have compared the chronic effects of weight loss and metabolic change to a conventional HCLF diet under isocaloric conditions.

Methods: A total of 88 abdominally obese adults were randomly assigned to either an energy-restricted (approximately 6 to 7 MJ, 30% deficit), planned isocaloric VLCHF or HCLF diet for 24 weeks in an outpatient clinical trial.