System vaccinology analysis of predictors and mechanisms of antibody response durability to multiple vaccines in humans.

We performed a systems vaccinology analysis to investigate immune responses in humans to an H5N1 influenza vaccine, with and without the AS03 adjuvant, to identify factors influencing antibody response magnitude and durability. Our findings revealed a platelet and adhesion-related blood transcriptional signature on day 7 that predicted the longevity of the antibody response, suggesting a potential role for platelets in modulating antibody response durability. As platelets originate from megakaryocytes, we explored the effect of thrombopoietin (TPO)-mediated megakaryocyte activation on antibody response longevity.

Multisite Mpox Infection and Viral Dynamics Among Persons With HIV in Metro Atlanta.

The 2022 mpox outbreak primarily involved sexual transmission among men who have sex with men and disproportionately affected persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We examined viral dynamics and clinical features in a cohort evaluated for mpox infection at a comprehensive HIV clinic in Atlanta, Georgia. Viral DNA was found in 8 oropharyngeal and 5 anorectal specimens among 10 mpox cases confirmed by lesion swab polymerase chain reaction.

Factors Affecting Clinical Outcomes Among Patients Infected With HIV and Anal Cancer Treated With Modern Definitive Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy.

Purpose: Anal cancer affects a disproportionate percentage of persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We analyzed a cohort of patients with HIV and anal cancer who received modern radiation therapy (RT) and concurrent chemotherapy to assess whether certain factors are associated with poor oncologic outcomes.

Patients And Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review of 75 consecutive patients with HIV infection and anal cancer who received definitive chemotherapy and RT from 2008 to 2018 at a single academic institution.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Evolution and Escape From Combination Monoclonal Antibody Treatment in a Person With HIV.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) escape from combination monoclonal antibody treatment is rarely reported. We describe an immunocompromised individual with human immunodeficiency virus and persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection in whom substantial SARS-CoV-2 evolution occurred, including the emergence of 2 mutations associated with escape from the monoclonal antibody cocktail received.

Safety and Efficacy of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Patients With Cancer Living With HIV: A Perspective on Recent Progress and Future Needs.

Recent studies have identified durable responses with the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with mismatch repair-deficient (MMR-D)/microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). The dramatic improvement in clinical outcomes led to the US Food and Drug Administration approval of pembrolizumab, nivolumab, and nivolumab in combination with ipilimumab in metastatic patients with MSI-H/MMR-D CRC who previously experienced progression on cytotoxic therapies. In the clinical trials investigating these agents, HIV-seropositive patients were not included and therefore the clinical efficacy of these agents in patients with metastatic MSI-H/MMR-D CRC living with HIV is unclear.

Experience with Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus Inflammatory Cytokine Syndrome in a Large Urban HIV Clinic in the United States: Case Series and Literature Review.

In 2010, a new entity, characterized by the classical signs and symptoms of Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus-associated multicentric Castleman's disease (KSHV-MCD) in the absence of pathologic evidence of MCD, was described in individuals living with HIV. This syndrome was named KSHV inflammatory cytokine syndrome (KICS). It carries mortality rates of up to 60%.

Severe Kaposi Sarcoma in an Urban Public Hospital.

The national incidence of epidemic Kaposi sarcoma (KS) has decreased dramatically since the availability of combined antiretroviral therapy. Despite national trends, we continue to see admissions for KS. Electronic medical records were queried to identify patients with HIV who were admitted with active KS between 2010 and 2013 and records were reviewed to determine patient characteristics and factors affecting survival.

Short communication: spectrum of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in an urban Ryan White-funded clinic in the established antiretroviral era.

People living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) are at a higher risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). The influence of combined antiretrovirals (cART) on the presentation, treatment, and outcomes of HIV-associated NHL (HIV-NHL) warrants further investigation. We performed a retrospective analysis of PLWHA diagnosed with NHL who received care at the Infectious Diseases Ponce de Leon Center in Atlanta, Georgia, from January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2010.

Primary and secondary hepatic lymphomas diagnosed by image-guided fine-needle aspiration: a retrospective study of clinical and cytomorphologic findings.

Objectives: To explore the diagnosis of hematolymphoid malignancies of the liver (hepatic lymphoma [HeL]) by image-guided fine-needle aspiration (FNA), which can often be difficult due to a low index of suspicion and nonspecific patient presentations, especially in the rare cases where the liver is the only site of disease (primary HeL [PHeL]). Understanding the clinical setting in which such lesions arise, as well as the cytomorphologic findings, may assist cytopathologists in making an accurate diagnosis and triaging samples for ancillary studies.

Methods: In this retrospective study of 32 patients with HeL, the largest such study to our knowledge, we review the clinical and diagnostic features of HeL.

Measurements of human herpesvirus 8 viral load in blood before and after leukoreduction filtration.

Background: Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is likely transmitted through blood transfusion in high-prevalence areas. The efficacy of leukoreduction filtration for reducing HHV-8 in blood has not been reported.

Study Design And Methods: Blood was drawn from 45 human immunodeficiency virus-positive men either with Kaposi's sarcoma (KS; n=21) or without KS (n=24) and subject to leukoreduction filtration.

Oral sampling and human papillomavirus genotyping in HIV-infected patients.

Background: Oral human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with several health complications especially in combination with HIV infections. Screening may be useful, but methodologies and results have varied widely in previous studies. We conducted a pilot study in an HIV-positive population to evaluate HPV detection in four different oral sample types.

Human immunodeficiency virus-associated lung cancer in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy.

Background: Lung cancer is the leading cause of death among non-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining malignancies. Because highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has improved the survival of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the authors evaluated lung cancer outcomes in the HAART era.

Methods: HIV-positive patients who were diagnosed with lung cancer at the authors' institution during the HAART era (1995-2008) were analyzed.

Non-AIDS-Defining Malignancies in Patients with HIV in the HAART Era.

The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has drastically changed the scope and spectrum of diseases associated with HIV, shifting from AIDS-related to non-AIDS-related diseases. Studies linking HIV/AIDS databases to cancer registries have shown a dramatic decrease in AIDS-related malignancies and a steady increase in non-AIDS-defining malignancies (NADM). We review the causes underlying the rise in incidence of NADM and the clinical presentation, pathology, and treatment outcomes of the four most commonly encountered NADM in the HAART era.

Human herpesvirus 8 presence and viral load are associated with the progression of AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma.

Objective: We present the largest longitudinal study to date that examines the association between Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS) disease progression and the presence and viral load of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8).

Methods: Ninety-six men were enrolled at HIV clinics in Atlanta, Georgia, who had KS (n = 47) or were without KS but seropositive for HHV-8. Visits occurred at 6-month intervals for 2 years at which the patient's KS status was evaluated and oral fluid and blood were collected for quantification of HHV-8 DNA and antibodies.

Management of anal cancer in the HIV-positive population.

Squamous cell anal cancer remains an uncommon entity; however, the incidence appears to be increasing in at-risk populations, especially those infected with human papillomavirus (HPV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Given the ability to cure this cancer using synchronous chemoradiotherapy, management practices of this disease are critical. This article considers treatment strategies for HIV-positive patients with anal cancer, including the impact on chemoradiation-induced toxicities and the role of highly active antiretroviral therapy in the treatment of this patient population.

State of the art: gastrointestinal malignancies in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) population.

The gastrointestinal tract is one of the most common sites for the development of primary neoplasms arising in patients with pre-existing infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Over the past decade, new information on the clinical manifestation, natural history, treatment options, and related toxicity have been reported, mostly notably the integration of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). The following is a concise review summarizing the current state-of-the-art for GI tract malignancies in the HIV-positive patient and is designed to assist the clinical oncology team in developing a rationale plan when caring for these patients.

Repeated measures study of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) DNA and antibodies in men seropositive for both HHV-8 and HIV.

Objective: To study the natural history and pathogenesis of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) infection in HHV-8-seropositive, immunosuppressed men.

Design: Longitudinal study of 87 HHV-8- and HIV-seropositive men [42 with Kaposi's sarcoma (KS)] during four visits over a 2 month period.

Methods: : Patients provided oral fluid and blood.

Risk factors for Kaposi's sarcoma in men seropositive for both human herpesvirus 8 and human immunodeficiency virus.

Objective: To identify risk factors for Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) among men seropositive for both human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) and HIV.

Design: Cross-sectional study of 91 HHV-8 seropositive, HIV seropositive men who have sex with men (57 with KS), and 70 controls at lower risk for KS.

Methods: Patients received clinical evaluations.