Assessing the KING IV Corporate Governance Report in relation to business continuity and resilience.

Within South Africa and on the African continent, the various reports of the KING Committees on Corporate Governance have become guiding principles for organisations in both the public and private sector. This paper focuses on the KING IV report and discusses its relevance to the different but interrelated fields of business continuity, organisational resilience and risk management. The paper suggests that organisations seeking to comply with KING IV will need to familiarise themselves with ISO 22301 and the BCI Good Practice Guidelines, as well as ISO 31000.

Alcohol-Induced Increases in Inflammatory Cytokines Are Attenuated by Nicotine in Region-Selective Manner in Male Rats.

Background: Heavy use of alcohol is commonly associated with heavy smoking (nicotine intake). Although many factors, including mood effects of these two drugs may contribute to their co-use, the exact neurobiological underpinnings are far from clear. It is well known that chronic alcohol exposure induces neuroinflammation that may precipitate depressive-like behavior, which is considered an important factor in alcohol relapse.

Low Vs. High Alcohol: Central Benefits Vs. Detriments.

The dose-dependent effects of alcohol, where the initial euphoric and stimulant effects initiated by the exposure to low ethanol levels can quickly lead to a deadly consequence are well established. Thus, high blood alcohol concentration (BAC), as seen in alcoholics, can cause significant damage to various organs. At low concentrations (e.

Evaluation of the influence of alcohol dehydrogenase polymorphisms on alcohol elimination rates in African Americans.

Introduction: The relationship between alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) polymorphisms and alcohol use disorders in populations of African descent has not been clearly established. This study examined the effect of ADH1B polymorphisms on alcohol metabolism and subjective response, following intravenous (IV) alcohol administration, and the influence of gender, recent drinking history, and family history of alcoholism (FHA), in nondependent African American drinkers.

Materials: The sample included eighty-seven 21- to 35-year-old, light social drinkers of African descent.

Alcohol dependence and health care utilization in African Americans.

Objective: Ethnic and cultural differences in patterns of alcohol use disorders must be understood in order to address improvement in prevention of such disorders and accessibility to health care services. The purpose of this study was to evaluate factors that influence the utilization of medical and mental health services among alcohol-dependent and non-alcohol-dependent African Americans.

Method: A cohort of 454 African Americans was evaluated.

Heritability of level of response and association with recent drinking history in nonalcohol-dependent drinkers.

Background: Level of response (LR) to alcohol has been shown to be associated with the risk of developing alcohol dependence and can be measured using the self-rating of the effects of alcohol (SRE) questionnaire. This study examined the heritability of the SRE-measured LR and the relationship between LR and recent alcohol drinking history (RDH) in a predominantly African American nonalcohol-dependent population.

Methods: This was a sibling study of 101 social drinkers aged 21 to 35 years recruited from the Washington, DC metropolitan area.

Alterations in ethyl alcohol pharmacokinetics during oral consumption of malt liquor beverages in African Americans.

Background: Malt liquor (ML) beverages have become increasingly popular among urban minority groups, due partly to their inexpensive price and targeted advertising. We hypothesized that nonfermented by-products contained in ML beverages will alter the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) effects of its ethanol content. In addition, we determined the effect of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) genotypes on the PK following consumption of ML beverages.

Noncompliance leading to drug accumulation resulting in phenytoin toxicity.

Phenytoin is effective in suppressing tonic-clonic and partial seizures, and is widely used for initial therapy, particularly in adults. Ninety percent of phenytoin is protein bound and entirely eliminated by hepatic metabolism. The major metabolite of phenytoin, 5-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-5phenylhy-dantoin (5HPPH) is excreted in the urine.

Efficacy of acute administration of nicotine gum in relief of cue-provoked cigarette craving.

Rationale: Acute cravings, often provoked by exposure to smoking cues, appear to be important triggers for smoking relapse. Relief of acute craving may therefore be an important step in preventing relapse.

Objectives: This study was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of nicotine gum in relieving acute craving.