Exhaled breath analysis: A promising triage test for tuberculosis in young children.

The diagnosis of paediatric pulmonary tuberculosis is difficult, especially in young infants who cannot expectorate sputum spontaneously. Breath testing has shown promise in diagnosing respiratory tract infections, but data on paediatric tuberculosis are limited. We performed a prospective cross-sectional study in Kenya in children younger than five years with symptoms of tuberculosis.

Feasibility and utility of a combined nasogastric-tube-and-string-test device for bacteriologic confirmation of pulmonary tuberculosis in young children.

For microbiological confirmation of pediatric pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB), gastric aspirates (GA) are often operationally unfeasible without hospitalization, and the encapsulated orogastric string test is not easily swallowed in young children. The Combined-NasoGastric-Tube-and-String-Test (CNGTST) enables dual collection of GA and string specimens. In a prospective cohort study in Kenya, we examined its feasibility in children under five with presumptive PTB and compared the bacteriological yield of string to GA.

Predicting Food Sources of Based on Genomic Profiling Using Random Forest Model.

can cause severe foodborne illness, including miscarriage during pregnancy or death in newborn infants. When outbreaks of illness occur, it may be possible to determine the food source of the outbreak. However, most reported illnesses do not occur as part of a recognized outbreak and most of the time the food source of sporadic illness in people cannot be determined.

Mindfulness matters in the classroom: A pilot study of a university-wide classroom-based brief mindfulness program.

The aims of this pilot study were: first, to assess the impact of a brief classroom-based mindfulness program on students' reported levels of mindfulness, well-being, and stress; and, second, to understand students' experiences of participating in the program. Students at a private midwestern research-intensive university, 133 (16%) students completed either the study's pretest or post-test survey. The study had an observational design using pre- and post-test survey responses from students taking courses from faculty who were trained to facilitate brief classroom-based mindfulness activities.

Use of High-Resolution Geospatial and Genomic Data to Characterize Recent Tuberculosis Transmission, Botswana.

Combining genomic and geospatial data can be useful for understanding Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission in high-burden tuberculosis (TB) settings. We performed whole-genome sequencing on M. tuberculosis DNA extracted from sputum cultures from a population-based TB study conducted in Gaborone, Botswana, during 2012-2016.

Longitudinal Analysis of Electronic Health Information to Identify Possible COVID-19 Sequelae.

Ongoing symptoms might follow acute COVID-19. Using electronic health information, we compared pre‒ and post‒COVID-19 diagnostic codes to identify symptoms that had higher encounter incidence in the post‒COVID-19 period as sequelae. This method can be used for hypothesis generation and ongoing monitoring of sequelae of COVID-19 and future emerging diseases.

Clinical and Radiologic Factors Associated With Detection of in Children Under 5 Years old Using Invasive and Noninvasive Sample Collection Techniques-Kenya.

Background: Pediatric tuberculosis (TB) remains a critical public health concern, yet bacteriologic confirmation of TB in children is challenging. Clinical, demographic, and radiological factors associated with a positive specimen in young children (≤5 years) are poorly understood.

Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study of young children with presumptive TB and examined clinical, demographic, and radiologic factors associated with invasive and noninvasive specimen collection techniques (gastric aspirate, induced sputum, nasopharyngeal aspirate, stool, and string test); up to 2 samples were taken per child, per technique.

Orthopoxvirus Testing Challenges for Persons in Populations at Low Risk or Without Known Epidemiologic Link to Monkeypox - United States, 2022.

Since May 2022, approximately 20,000 cases of monkeypox have been identified in the United States, part of a global outbreak occurring in approximately 90 countries and currently affecting primarily gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) (1). Monkeypox virus (MPXV) spreads from person to person through close, prolonged contact; a small number of cases have occurred in populations who are not MSM (e.g.

Performance of Xpert MTB/RIF and Mycobacterial Culture on Multiple Specimen Types for Diagnosis of Tuberculosis Disease in Young Children and Clinical Characterization According to Standardized Research Case Definitions.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of illness and death in children globally. Improved bacteriologic and clinical diagnostic approaches in children are urgently needed.

Methods: In a prospective cohort study, a consecutive series of young (<5 years) children presenting with symptoms suggestive of TB and parenchymal abnormality on chest radiograph in inpatient and outpatient settings in Kisumu County, Kenya from October 2013 to August 2015 were evaluated at baseline and over 6 months.

Nearest-Neighbors Matching for Case-Control Study Analyses: Better Risk Factor Identification From a Study of Sporadic Campylobacteriosis in the United States.

Background: Case-control studies are commonly used to explore factors associated with enteric bacterial diseases. Control of confounding is challenging due to a large number of exposures of interest and the low frequencies of many of them.

Methods: We evaluated nearest-neighbors matching in a case-control study (originally 1:1 matched, published in 2004) of sporadic Campylobacter infections that included information on 433 exposures in 2632 subjects during 1998-1999.

Characterizing tuberculosis transmission dynamics in high-burden urban and rural settings.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission dynamics in high-burden settings are poorly understood. Growing evidence suggests transmission may be characterized by extensive individual heterogeneity in secondary cases (i.e.

Tuberculosis attributed to transmission within healthcare facilities, Botswana-The Kopanyo Study.

Objective: Healthcare facilities are a well-known high-risk environment for transmission of , the etiologic agent of tuberculosis (TB) disease. However, the link between transmission in healthcare facilities and its role in the general TB epidemic is unknown. We estimated the proportion of overall TB transmission in the general population attributable to healthcare facilities.

Pulmonary and Critical Care Considerations for e-Cigarette, or Vaping, Product Use-Associated Lung Injury.

Background: In 2019, the United States experienced a nationwide outbreak of e-cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury (EVALI). More than one-half of these patients required admission to an ICU.

Research Question: What are the recent literature and expert opinions which inform the diagnosis and management of patients with critical illness with EVALI?

Study Design And Methods: To synthesize information critical to pulmonary/critical care specialists in the care of patients with EVALI, this study examined data available from patients hospitalized with EVALI between August 2019 and January 2020; reviewed the clinical course and critical care experience with those patients admitted to the ICU; and compiled opinion of national experts.

Characteristics and Clinical Outcomes of Children and Adolescents Aged <18 Years Hospitalized with COVID-19 - Six Hospitals, United States, July-August 2021.

During June 2021, the highly transmissible B.1.617.

Need for caution when interpreting Xpert MTB/RIF results for rifampin resistance among children.

Recommended by the World Health Organization as an initial diagnostic test for TB in children, Xpert MTB/RIF is widely implemented in many countries, including Kenya. Three hundred HIV-positive and negative children (<5 years) were enrolled in Kisumu County, Kenya, from October 2013 to August 2015. Multiple specimen types were collected from each child and tested using Xpert, liquid culture, and phenotypic drug susceptibility testing (DST).

Late Conditions Diagnosed 1-4 Months Following an Initial Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Encounter: A Matched-Cohort Study Using Inpatient and Outpatient Administrative Data-United States, 1 March-30 June 2020.

Background: Late sequelae of COVID-19 have been reported; however, few studies have investigated the time course or incidence of late new COVID-19-related health conditions (post-COVID conditions) after COVID-19 diagnosis. Studies distinguishing post-COVID conditions from late conditions caused by other etiologies are lacking. Using data from a large administrative all-payer database, we assessed type, association, and timing of post-COVID conditions following COVID-19 diagnosis.

Population-Based Geospatial and Molecular Epidemiologic Study of Tuberculosis Transmission Dynamics, Botswana, 2012-2016.

Tuberculosis (TB) elimination requires interrupting transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We used a multidisciplinary approach to describe TB transmission in 2 sociodemographically distinct districts in Botswana (Kopanyo Study). During August 2012-March 2016, all patients who had TB were enrolled, their sputum samples were cultured, and M.

Sensitive and Feasible Specimen Collection and Testing Strategies for Diagnosing Tuberculosis in Young Children.

Importance: Criterion-standard specimens for tuberculosis diagnosis in young children, gastric aspirate (GA) and induced sputum, are invasive and rarely collected in resource-limited settings. A far less invasive approach to tuberculosis diagnostic testing in children younger than 5 years as sensitive as current reference standards is important to identify.

Objective: To characterize the sensitivity of preferably minimally invasive specimen and assay combinations relative to maximum observed yield from all specimens and assays combined.

Characteristics of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients Discharged and Experiencing Same-Hospital Readmission - United States, March-August 2020.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a complex clinical illness with potential complications that might require ongoing clinical care (1-3). Few studies have investigated discharge patterns and hospital readmissions among large groups of patients after an initial COVID-19 hospitalization (4-7). Using electronic health record and administrative data from the Premier Healthcare Database,* CDC assessed patterns of hospital discharge, readmission, and demographic and clinical characteristics associated with hospital readmission after a patient's initial COVID-19 hospitalization (index hospitalization).

Demographics, Substance Use Behaviors, and Clinical Characteristics of Adolescents With e-Cigarette, or Vaping, Product Use-Associated Lung Injury (EVALI) in the United States in 2019.

Importance: To date, limited information is available on the characteristics of adolescents with e-cigarette, or vaping, product use-associated lung injury (EVALI).

Objective: To inform public health and clinical practice by describing differences in demographics, substance use behaviors, and clinical characteristics of EVALI among adolescents compared with adults.

Design, Setting, And Participants: Surveillance data reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention during the 2019 EVALI outbreak were used to calculate adjusted prevalence ratios (aPRs) with 95% CIs and to test differences between 360 hospitalized or deceased adolescents vs 859 young adults and 936 adults with EVALI (N = 2155).