Discovery of 2,4,6-trisubstituted pyrimidine derivatives as novel potent HIV-1 NNRTIs by exploiting the tolerant region II of the NNIBP.

The rapid emergence of drug resistance severely reduces the clinical response of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). Herein, a series of 2,4,6-trisubstituted pyrimidine derivatives was designed and synthesized, with the aim to identify novel anti-HIV-1 agents with improved drug resistance profiles. The antiviral activity results demonstrated that all compounds showed excellent potency to wild-type (WT) HIV-1 strain (EC = 3.

Structure-based design, synthesis, and biological characterization of indolylarylsulfone derivatives as novel human immunodeficiency virus type 1 inhibitors with potent antiviral activities and favorable drug-like profiles.

In the current antiretroviral landscape, continuous efforts are still needed to search for novel chemotypes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) inhibitors with improved drug resistance profiles and favorable drug-like properties. Herein, we report the design, synthesis, biological characterization, and druggability evaluation of a class of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Guided by the available crystallographic information, a series of novel indolylarylsulfone derivatives were rationally discovered via the substituent decorating strategy to fully explore the chemical space of the entrance channel.

Association of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) footprints with the comorbidity of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection: A multicenter cross-sectional study.

Aims: This study aims to investigate the interplay between hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and major forms of diabetes: type 1 diabetes (T1D), type 2 diabetes (T2D), and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA).

Methods: This multicenter study analyzed a cohort of 2699 diabetic and 7344 non-diabetic subjects who visited medical centers in China from 2014 to 2021. T1D, T2D, LADA, and HCV were diagnosed using standard procedures.

Structure-based design of novel heterocycle-substituted ATDP analogs as non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors with improved selectivity and solubility.

Following on our recently developed biphenyl-ATDP non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor ZLM-66 (SI = 2019.80,  = 1.9 μg/mL), a series of novel heterocycle-substituted ATDP derivatives with significantly improved selectivity and solubility were identified by replacement of the biphenyl moiety of ZLM-66 with heterocyclic group with lower lipophilicity.

Identification of "dual-site"-binding diarylpyrimidines targeting both NNIBP and the NNRTI adjacent site of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.

Here, we reported a novel series of "dual-site" binding diarylpyrimidine (DAPY) derivatives targeting both the NNRTI adjacent site and NNRTIs binding pocket (NNIBP). The anti-HIV-1 activity results demonstrated that compound 9e (EC = 2.04-61.

Disubstituted pyrimidine-5-carboxamide derivatives as novel HIV-1 NNRTIs: Crystallographic overlay-based molecular design, synthesis, and biological evaluation.

Herein, via crystallographic overlay-based molecular hybridization strategy, a series of disubstituted pyrimidine-5-carboxamide derivatives were designed by introducing an amide moiety to the central core of the lead etravirine. All the newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their anti-HIV-1 potencies in MT-4 cells using the MTT method. Most of the synthesized compounds displayed promising antiviral activities against the wild-type (IIIB) and a panel of HIV-1 NNRTIs-resistant strains.

Structure-guided design of novel HEPT analogs with enhanced potency and safety: From Isopropyl-HEPTs to Cyclopropyl-HEPTs.

Members of the HEPT class are potential non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Our previously disclosed one representative HEPT analog 2 produced potent inhibitory activity against wild-type HIV-1 (EC = 63.0 nM), but its high cytotoxicity and low selectivity index still needs to be improved (CC = 34.

Design, Synthesis, and Mechanistic Study of 2-Pyridone-Bearing Phenylalanine Derivatives as Novel HIV Capsid Modulators.

The AIDS pandemic is still of importance. HIV-1 and HIV-2 are the causative agents of this pandemic, and in the absence of a viable vaccine, drugs are continually required to provide quality of life for infected patients. The HIV capsid (CA) protein performs critical functions in the life cycle of HIV-1 and HIV-2, is broadly conserved across major strains and subtypes, and is underexploited.

Identification of Boronate-Containing Diarylpyrimidine Derivatives as Novel HIV-1 Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors.

In this study, privileged boronic acid ester was introduced into the right wing of etravirine (ETR) to obtain a series of novel boronate-containing derivatives. These newly synthesized derivatives were evaluated for their anti-HIV potency in MT-4 cells using the MTT method, and their inhibitory activity to HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) was assayed by the ELISA method. Most of the synthesized compounds displayed promising antiviral activity against the wild-type and a wide range of HIV-1 mutant strains.

Reflections on the Rega Institute for Medical Research, at the fiftieth anniversary of the Rega Stichting vzw (Rega Instituut vzw, Rega Foundation).

The idea to start the Rega Foundation was conceived in 1971 at an informal meeting organized by Prof. Piet De Somer (where Prof. Alfons Billiau, Prof.

Expansion of the S-CN-DABO scaffold to exploit the impact on inhibitory activities against the non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.

The α-cyanoarylmethyl-3, 4-dihydropyrimidin-4(3H)-ones (S-CN-DABOs) were reported as a kind of reverse transcriptase inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) by our group in 2007. In this paper, we proposed to expand the S-CN-DABO scaffold to enrich the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the phenyl ring that was predicted to be located in the W229 hydrophobic pocket. Thirty-nine S-CN-DABO derivatives were manufactured to explore the impact on inhibitory activities against the non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.

Genetic Diversity of SARS-CoV-2 over a One-Year Period of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Global Perspective.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused a global pandemic of coronavirus disease in 2019 (COVID-19). Genome surveillance is a key method to track the spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Genetic diversity and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 were analyzed based on 260,673 whole-genome sequences, which were sampled from 62 countries between 24 December 2019 and 12 January 2021.

Mortality risk of COVID-19 in elderly males with comorbidities: a multi-country study.

The COVID-19 pandemic causes severe morbidity and mortality. This multi-country study aimed to explore risk factors that drive mortality in COVID-19 patients who received neither dexamethasone nor remdesivir. We analyzed a cohort of 568 survivors and 507 non-survivors from China, European regions, and North America.

Clinical characteristics of older and younger patients infected with SARS-CoV-2.

Background: SARS-CoV-2 causes high mortality risk in older patients. This study aims to characterize the clinical features of older and younger SARS-CoV-2 infected patients.

Results: A total of 239 patients were divided into the younger group (<60 years; n=181) and the older group (≥60 years; n=58).

Privileged scaffold inspired design of novel oxime-biphenyl-DAPYs in treatment of HIV-1.

Oxime is a key pharmacophore in drug development. The biphenyl diarylpyrimidines (DAPYs) have been developed by our group as novel non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). In this study, fourteen oxime-biphenyl-DAPYs were designed and synthesized through a privileged scaffold inspired design strategy.

Further Exploring Solvent-Exposed Tolerant Regions of Allosteric Binding Pocket for Novel HIV-1 NNRTIs Discovery.

Based on the detailed analysis of the binding mode of diarylpyrimidines (DAPYs) with HIV-1 RT, we designed several subseries of novel NNRTIs, with the aim to probe biologically relevant chemical space of solvent-exposed tolerant regions in NNRTIs binding pocket (NNIBP). The most potent compound exhibited significant activity against the whole viral panel, being about 1.5-2.

1-Hydroxypyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2(1H)-ones as novel selective HIV integrase inhibitors obtained via privileged substructure-based compound libraries.

A small library containing 3-hydroxyquinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione and 1-hydroxypyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2(1H)-one scaffolds was obtained via the copper(I)-catalyzed azidealkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction and evaluated for their anti-HIV activity in MT-4 cells. Among the synthesized compounds, several 1-hydroxypyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2(1H)-one derivatives showed remarkable anti-HIV potency with EC values ranging from 0.92 to 26.

SYNTHESIS OF IMIDAZO[2,1-b][1,3,4]THIADIAZOLE DERIVATIVES AS POSSIBLE BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE AGENTS.

A series of 2-(4-methylbenzyl)-5,6-substituted-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole derivatives were synthesized, characterized and evaluated for antiproliferative activity and cancer chemopreventive activity. Results showed that molecules with formyl and thiocyanate substiments at the 5 position exhibited an increase in activity against the full panel of 60 human tumor cell lines at a minimum of five concentrations at 10-fold dilutions. Derivative 22 displayed significant in vino anticancer activity against colon cancer (MID GI₅₀ = 0.

Synthesis, antimicrobial, anticancer, antiviral evaluation and QSAR studies of 4-(1-aryl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-indol-3-ylideneamino)--substituted benzene sulfonamides.

A series of 4-(1-aryl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-indol-3-ylideneamino)--substituted benzenesulfonamide derivatives (-) was synthesized and evaluated for its antimicrobial, antiviral and cytotoxic activities. Antimicrobial results indicated that compounds () and () were found to be the most effective ones. In general, the synthesized compounds were bacteriostatic and fungistatic in their action.

Discovery of novel 2-(3-(2-chlorophenyl)pyrazin-2-ylthio)-N-arylacetamides as potent HIV-1 inhibitors using a structure-based bioisosterism approach.

The present work is an extension of our ongoing efforts towards the development and identification of new molecules with anti-HIV activity which have previously led to the discovery of arylazolylthioacetanilides as highly active NNRTIs. In this article, a series of 2-2-(3-(2-chlorophenyl)pyrazin-2-ylthio)-N-arylacetamide derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro anti-HIV activity. Most of the tested compounds exhibited moderate activities against wild-type HIV-1.

Arylazolylthioacetanilide. Part 11: design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 1,2,4-triazole thioacetanilide derivatives as novel non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

A series of novel 1,2,4-triazole thioacetanilide derivatives has been designed, synthesized and evaluated for their anti-HIV activities in MT-4 cells. Half of these compounds showed moderate to potent activities against wild-type HIV-1 with an EC50 ranging from 38.0 μM to 4.

Pre-exposure chemoprophylaxis of HIV infection: quo vadis?

The pre-exposure chemoprophylaxis (now commonly referred to as PrEP) of HIV infection has gained increased momentum, concomitantly with the successful use of combination drug regimens for the treatment of AIDS. A pivotal component in the current drug combination regimens for the treatment of AIDS as well as the ongoing PrEP trials is tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF, Viread®) and its combination with emtricitabine (FTC). The combination of TDF with FTC has been marketed as Truvada®.

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of cycloalkyl arylpyrimidines (CAPYs) as HIV-1 NNRTIs.

A series of 18 cycloalkyl arylpyrimidines (CAPYs) were designed from lead compounds diarylpyrimidines (DAPYs), synthesized and evaluated for in vitro anti-HIV activity. Among them, the compound 1p displayed potent anti-HIV-1 activity against WT HIV-1 with an EC(50) value of 0.055 μM and a selectivity index (SI) >7290.