Biomonitoring Metal Pollution in a Reservoir and River in Brazil Using Bullfrog Tadpoles' Tissues and Biomarkers.

Bullfrog tadpoles were exposed (96 h) to water from two sites (the Ibiúna and the Itupararanga reservoir) on the Sorocaba River (São Paulo, Brazil). Metal concentrations (Ba, Cu, Mn, Sr and Zn) and metallothioneins (MTs) levels were determined in the gills (n = 27) and caudal muscle (n = 18). Metals increased in the gills of the animals exposed to the waters of the Sorocaba River in relation to the control and in relation to the animals exposed to the waters of the Ibiúna point.

Use of biomarkers in bullfrog tadpoles Aquarana catesbeiana (Shaw 1802) for ecotoxicological evaluation of Pirajibú River (São Paulo, Brazil).

This study focused on investigating the water quality in the Pirajibú River, a relevant water body that flows through the industrial zone of Sorocaba (São Paulo/Brazil). Due to the limitations of assessing water quality based solely on standard physicochemical tests, an ecotoxicological approach was used to assess biomarker changes in the liver of bullfrog tadpoles (Aquarana catesbeiana). The animals were divided into groups and exposed to water samples collected upstream and downstream of the industrial zone.

Biochemistry biomarkers and metal levels as indicators of environmental pollution in Danio rerio exposed to the Sorocaba River (S.P.), Brazil.

Metal contamination of the environment poses a significant threat to human health and can cause significant damage to aquatic ecosystems. Danio rerio was exposed to Sorocaba River water for 96 h from two different sites in summer (S) and winter (W). Concentrations of Al, Cd, Cu, Mn and Zn were determined in the exposure water and in sediment.

Oxidative stress and neurotoxicity induced by exposure to settleable atmospheric particulate matter in bullfrog tadpoles, Aquarana catesbeiana, (Shaw, 1802).

Bullfrog tadpoles, Aquarana catesbeiana, were exposed to settleable particulate matter (SePM), (1 g L, 96 h) and their organs were collected for analysis of metal/metalloid, oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in liver, muscle, kidney and brain. The SePM water of the exposed groups contained 18 of the 28 metals/metalloids detected in ambient particulate matter (APM). Fe and Al were those that presented the highest concentrations, Cr, Mn, Pb and Cu increased from 10 to 20 times and Ti, V, Sr, Rb, Cd, Sn and Ni increased from 1 to 3 times compared to the control.

Toxic, genotoxic, mutagenic, and bioaccumulative effects of metal mixture from settleable particulate matter on American bullfrog tadpoles (Lithobates catesbeianus).

Amphibians are more susceptible to environmental stressors than other vertebrates due to their semipermeable skin and physiological adaptations to living in very specific microhabitats. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of a metal mixture from settleable particulate matter (SePM) released from metallurgical industries on Lithobates catesbeianus tadpoles. Endpoints analyzed included metal bioconcentration, morphological (biometrical indices), hematological parameters (hemoglobin and blood cell count), and erythrocyte DNA damage (genotoxicity and mutagenicity).

Changes in blood parameters and metabolism in bullfrog tadpoles, Lithobates catesbeianus, (Shaw, 1802) after exposure to the Sorocaba River (São Paulo, Brazil) water.

This study evaluated the genetic damage, oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, and energy metabolism in bullfrog tadpoles (Lithobates catesbeianus) exposed to water from two sites of the Sorocaba River, Ibiúna (PI), and Itupararanga reservoir (PIR), in summer and winter. After 96-h exposure, the erythrocyte number decreased in PI and increase in PIR in summer. Bullfrogs show oxidative unbalance (liver, kidney, and muscle), with alterations in the nitric oxide synthase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Response of hepatic biomarkers in Physalaemus nattereri (Anura) to different benzo(α)pyrene exposure routes.

For over 40 years, anurans have been used as a study model to assess the adverse effects of benzo(α)pyrene (BαP), which include genotoxic, hepatotoxic, and immunotoxic effects. In these studies, BαP is administered cutaneously or by injection, with no comparison between two or more routes. The purpose of this study is to assess whether the effect of BαP is influenced by its route of administration, using the response of hepatic biomarkers of Physalaemus nattereri.

Effects of lithium and selenium in the tail muscle of American bullfrog tadpoles (Lithobates catesbeianus) during premetamorphosis.

The amphibian populations have faced a drastic decline over the past decades. This decline has been associated with the presence of contaminants in the environment, among other environmental stressors. The present study tested the responses following the exposure to lithium (2.

Ecotoxicological evaluation of water from the Sorocaba River using an integrated analysis of biochemical and morphological biomarkers in bullfrog tadpoles, Lithobates catesbeianus ().

Lithobates catesbeianus tadpoles were exposed for 96 h to water from two sites of the Sorocaba River (summer and winter), Ibiúna (PI) and Itupararanga reservoir (PIR) that contained metals. In the liver, in PI, the glutathione peroxidase (GPx) decreased, and the glutathione S-transferase (GST) and carbonyl proteins (PCO) increased. In PIR, the glutathione reduced (GSH) increased, while there was a decrease in catalase (CAT), GPx, GST, PCO, and superoxide dismutase (SOD).

Metabolic, immunologic, and histopathologic responses on premetamorphic American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) following exposure to lithium and selenium.

The presence of chemicals and the destruction of freshwater habitats have been addressed as one of the reasons for the decline in the amphibians' populations worldwide. Considering the threat that these animals have been suffering in tropical regions, the present study tested if the Brazilian legislation, concerning the permissive levels of lithium and selenium in water bodies and effluents, warrants the protection of aquatic life. To do so, we assessed the metabolic, immunologic, and histopathologic alterations in liver samples of American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus), at the premetamorphic stage, through biomarkers indicative of general energetic status, i.

Metamorphic acceleration following the exposure to lithium and selenium on American bullfrog tadpoles (Lithobates catesbeianus).

To regulate the presence of contaminants in Brazilian water, the Brazilian Environmental Council (CONAMA) promulgates regulations regarding the concentrations of given compounds that are supposed to be safe for aquatic life. Considering these regulations, this study tested the effects of considered safe levels of lithium (2.5 mgL) and selenium (0.

Endophytic fungi isolated from Brazilian medicinal plants as potential producers of antioxidants and their relations with anti-inflammatory activity.

In this study, 19 endophytic fungi were isolated from and Seventeen strains were molecularly identified as belonging to the genera , and . Assays for detecting antioxidant activity were performed by free radical scavenging activity using the DDPH and ABTS + methods. Based on the results with DPPH, two strains were selected to evaluate the presence of flavonoids and anti-inflammatory activity.

Biomarkers of the oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in tissues of the bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus to assess exposure to metals.

Lithobates catesbeianus tadpoles were exposed to 1 μg L of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) alone or combined (1:1 and 1:1:1) for 2 and 16 days. Results showed a significant increase in the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities in the liver, kidney and muscle (except for GPx) in the groups exposed to metal either alone or co-exposed after 2 days compared to the control. After 16 days, SOD, CAT and GST activities decreased significantly in the liver and kidney and GPx activity increased in the liver.

Effects of copper toxicity at different pH and temperatures on the in vitro enzyme activity in blood and liver of fish, Prochilodus lineatus.

Blood and liver from curimbata (Prochilodus lineatus) acclimated at pH 4.5, 7.0 and 8.

Synthesis of biogenic silver nanoparticles using Althaea officinalis as reducing agent: evaluation of toxicity and ecotoxicity.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are known mainly because of their bactericidal properties. Among the different types of synthesis, there is the biogenic synthesis, which allows the synergy between the nanocomposites and substances from the organism employed for the synthesis. This study describes the synthesis of AgNPs using infusion of roots (AgNpR) and extract (AgNpE) of the plant Althaea officinalis.

Cardiac biomarkers as sensitive tools to evaluate the impact of xenobiotics on amphibians: the effects of anionic surfactant linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS).

Amphibian populations have been experiencing a drastic decline worldwide. Aquatic contaminants are among the main factors responsible for this decline, especially in the aquatic environment. The linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) is of particular concern, since it represents 84% of the anionic surfactants' trade.

Impact of an environmental relevant concentration of 17α-ethinylestradiol on the cardiac function of bullfrog tadpoles.

This study evaluated if a concentration of 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2 - 10 ng L(-1) for 96 h) normally found in Brazilian surface waters exerts any impact on cardiac function of bullfrog tadpoles (25 Gosner stage), Lithobates catesbeianus. During exposure, the animals' activity level (AL -% of active individuals) was monitored twice a day. Then, the in loco heart rate (f(H) - bpm) was determined, as well as the relative ventricular mass (RVM - % of body mass).

Copper levels and changes in pH induce oxidative stress in the tissue of curimbata (Prochilodus lineatus).

We analyzed the effect of exposure to 25% 96 h-LC50 of copper at low (24.5 μg L(-1) Cu, pH 4.5), neutral (7.

Effect of temperature acclimation on the liver antioxidant defence system of the Antarctic nototheniids Notothenia coriiceps and Notothenia rossii.

The aim of this study was to determine whether endemic Antarctic nototheniid fish are able to adjust their liver antioxidant defence system in response to the temperature increase. The activity of the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GR) enzymes as well as the content of non-enzymatic oxidative stress markers such as reduced glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation (LPO) and protein carbonyl (PC) were measured in the liver of two Antarctic fish species, Notothenia rossii and Notothenia coriiceps after 1, 3 and 6days of exposure to temperatures of 0°C and 8°C. The GST activity showed a downregulation in N.

Biomarker responses as indication of contaminant effects in Oreochromis niloticus.

The current study investigated oxidative stress parameters (enzymes activities, metallothionein content and lipid peroxidation) in freshwater fish, Oreochromis niloticus, tilapia exposure to Monjolinho River (in 4 months of year: January, April, July and November). One critical site in Monjolinho River (site B) was assessed in comparison to a reference site (site A). Water pH and oxygen concentration was lower than that recommended by CONAMA (Brazilian National Environmental Committee), resolution 357/2005 for protection of aquatic communities, and ammonium and the metals Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe (on all months) concentrations were higher than the maximum concentration recommended.

Oxidative stress biomarkers of exposure in the blood of cichlid species from a metal-contaminated river.

The oxidative stress biomarkers of exposure, such as reduced glutathione (GSH), activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and the levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO), were measured in the blood of three cichlid fish (Oreochromis niloticus, Tilapia rendalli, and Geophagus brasiliensis) taken during two seasons from two sites, unpolluted and polluted by industrial effluents, to evaluate the effectiveness of these biomarkers in assessing the impact of water contamination. The LPO levels in the blood were higher in fish from the metal-contaminated site and the chronic exposure led to significant changes in GPx, CAT, and SOD activities in all three cichlid species. The considerable variation of responses in these cichlids to water contamination evidenced differences in sensitivity to the metal contamination and/or in the potential to respond to it highlighting the importance of using a set of related biomarkers to assess the impact of water contamination.

Effect of copper on liver key enzymes of anaerobic glucose metabolism from freshwater tropical fish Prochilodus lineatus.

We investigated the effect of copper on liver key enzymes of the anaerobic glucose metabolism (hexokinase, HK; phosphofructokinase, PFK; pyruvate kinase, PK; lactate dehydrogenase, LDH) as well as of the pentose pathway (glycose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, G6PDH) from the fish Prochilodus lineatus. The fish were acclimated at either 20 degrees C or 30 degrees C at pH 7.0, transferred to water at pH 4.

Hepatic metallothionein in a teleost (Prochilodus scrofa) exposed to copper at pH 4.5 and pH 8.0.

Copper accumulation and induction of metallothionein (MT) were investigated in the liver of juvenile Prochilodus scrofa exposed to copper (96 h-LC50) at pH 4.5 (LC50=98+/-0.8 microg Cu l(-1)) and pH 8.