On the Oxidative Valorization of Lignin to High-Value Chemicals: A Critical Review of Opportunities and Challenges.

The efficient valorization of lignin is crucial if we are to replace current petroleum-based feedstock and establish more sustainable and competitive lignocellulosic biorefineries. Pulp and paper mills and second-generation biorefineries produce large quantities of low-value technical lignin as a by-product, which is often combusted on-site for energy recovery. This Review focuses on the conversion of technical lignins by oxidative depolymerization employing heterogeneous catalysts.

Calories and portion sizes in recipes throughout 100 years: an overlooked factor in the development of overweight and obesity?

Background: Large portion sizes have been associated with large energy intake, which can contribute to the development of overweight and obesity. Portion sizes of non-home cooked food have increased in the past 20 years, however, less is known about portion sizes of home-cooked food.

Aim: The aim of the study was to assess if the portion sizes measured in calories in Danish cookbook recipes have changed throughout the past 100 years.

'Neighbour smoke'--exposure to secondhand smoke in multiunit dwellings in Denmark in 2010: a cross-sectional study.

Background: 'Neighbour smoke' is transfer of secondhand smoke between apartments including shared areas, such as hallways, community rooms and stairwells in multiunit dwellings and is an emerging issue for public health and health equity.

Objective: To describe the prevalence of exposure to neighbour smoke in Denmark.

Methods: A population-based sample of 5049 respondents (2183 in multiunit dwellings) living in Denmark aged ≥15 years completed a questionnaire in 2010 on tobacco-related behaviour and exposure to secondhand smoke.

Nationwide tobacco surveys and sales data in Denmark from 1920 to 2010.

Introduction: Tobacco smoking is an important cause of premature death and morbidity in Denmark. It is therefore important to monitor tobacco consumption. In this paper, tobacco consumption in Denmark is illustrated by two methods: sale of tobacco products and smoking habit surveys.

Vacations to sunny destinations, sunburn, and intention to tan: a cross-sectional study in Denmark, 2007-2009.

Background: Denmark has experienced an increase in melanoma incidence since the 1960s. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation is the main preventable cause of this cancer. We examined current travel to, and sun-related behaviour of Danes at, sunny destinations in relation to their risk for sunburn.

Prevalence of sunburn and sun-related behaviour in the Danish population: a cross-sectional study.

Background: In Denmark, the incidence of melanoma has been increasing since the 1960s. Intermittent exposure to ultraviolet radiation and a history of sunburn and sunbed use are known risk factors. We describe the association between use of protective measures, sun-related behaviour and experience of sunburn in the Danish population three months after the start of the campaign.

Sunbed use in the Danish population in 2007: a cross-sectional study.

Background: In Denmark, the incidence of all types of skin cancer, including malignant melanoma, has been increasing since the 1960s. Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the main preventable cause of skin cancer. We describe current sunbed use in the Danish population.

Social inequality and incidence of and survival from cancers of the mouth, pharynx and larynx in a population-based study in Denmark, 1994-2003.

We investigated the effects of socioeconomic, demographic and health-related indicators on the incidence of and survival from mouth, pharynx and larynx cancers diagnosed in 1994-2003 with follow-up through 2006 in Denmark using information from nationwide registers. The analyses were based on data on 3058 patients with mouth and pharynx cancer and 1799 with larynx cancer in a cohort of 3.22 million persons born between 1925 and 1973 and aged >or=30 years.

Validity and completeness of registration of surgically treated malignant gynaecological diseases in the Danish National Hospital Registry.

Background: The increasing tendency to acquire data by linkage to registries not designed for research has introduced a problem into epidemiological research. The data is often crude or possibly incomplete and, in some cases, it has been proposed to use these registries in the routine acquisition of data for existing epidemiological research registries. This study estimates the validity and completeness of the registration of surgically treated malignant gynaecological diseases in the Danish National Hospital Registry 1977-88.

Validity of diagnoses of and operations for nonmalignant gynecological conditions in the Danish National Hospital Registry.

The recording of surgical procedures for and diagnoses of nonmalignant gynecological conditions in the Danish National Hospital Registry in 1977-1988 were evaluated by comparison with discharge summaries for a sample of 4,919 women. A serious problem was found in the validity of the diagnoses. Little variation was seen over the period of observation.

[Incidence of cancer in individuals with Down syndrome].

Individuals with Down syndrome have an increased risk of leukaemia, but reliable estimates of the age-specific risk of leukaemia are lacking and very little is known about the risk of solid tumours. We identified 2814 individuals with Down syndrome from the Danish Cytogenetic Register, and linked the data to the Danish Cancer Registry. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated on the basis of age- and sex-specific cancer rates in the general population.

[Occurrence of cancer in individuals with Down syndrome].

Individuals with Down syndrome have an increased risk of leukaemia, but reliable estimates of the age-specific risk of leukaemia are lacking and very little is known about the risk of solid tumours. We identified 2814 individuals with Down syndrome from the Danish Cytogenetic Register, and linked the data to the Danish Cancer Registry. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated on the basis of age- and sex-specific cancer rates in the general population.

Angiogenic balance in human melanoma: expression of VEGF, bFGF, IL-8, PDGF and angiostatin in relation to vascular density of xenografts in vivo.

Tumor angiogenesis, a major requirement for tumor outgrowth and metastasis formation, is regulated by pro- and anti-angiogenic factors. We have studied the expression of a panel of angiogenic factors, and of the angiogenesis inhibitor angiostatin, in a panel of human melanoma cell lines giving rise to xenografts with different vascular densities. Angiogenic-factor expression was analyzed in vitro (cell lines) and in vivo (xenografts), both at mRNA (RT-PCR and Northern blot) and at protein level (ELISA and Western blot).

Angiostatin generation by human tumor cell lines: involvement of plasminogen activators.

Angiostatin is a tumor-derived angiogenesis inhibitor consisting of an internal fragment of plasminogen. Little is known about the production of angiostatin by human tumors. In this study, we examined the in vitro angiostatin-generating capacities of a panel of human tumor cell lines (total n = 75) and the proteolytic molecule(s) involved.

Risks of leukaemia and solid tumours in individuals with Down's syndrome.

Background: Individuals with Down's syndrome have a greater risk of leukaemia than the general population, but reliable estimates of the age-specific risk are lacking and little is known about the risk of solid tumours.

Methods: We identified 2814 individuals with Down's syndrome from the Danish Cytogenetic Register, and linked the data to the Danish Cancer Registry. The number of person-years at risk was 48453.

Mass spectrometric characterisation of post-translational modification and genetic variation in human tetranectin.

Tetranectin, a plasminogen-binding trimeric C-type lectin-like protein primarily involved in tissue remodeling and development, was scanned for covalent modifications and sequence heterogeneity, using a combination of mass spectrometric and classical protein chemical analytical methods. Electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry showed the presence of eight components of different mass and abundance in plasma tetranectin, all of higher mass than that calculated from the cDNA sequence. To identify and locate residues accounting for the heterogeneity, samples of tetranectin were subjected to proteolytic cleavage.

The Danish Cancer Registry--history, content, quality and use.

The Danish Cancer Registry is a population-based registry containing data on the incidence of cancer throughout Denmark since 1943. Reporting of cancer was made mandatory by administrative order in 1987. Details of individual cases of cancer are available according to the 7th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) for all years, and according to the ICD-O since 1978.

Tetranectin, a trimeric plasminogen-binding C-type lectin.

Tetranectin, a plasminogen-binding protein belonging to the family of C-type lectins, was expressed in E. coli and converted to its native form by in vitro refolding and proteolytic processing. Recombinant tetranectin-as well as natural tetranectin from human plasma-was shown by chemical cross-linking analysis and SDS-PAGE to be a homo-trimer in solution as are other known members of the collectin family of C-type lectins.

Monoclonal antibodies against human tetranectin, epitope characterization and use in immunohistochemistry.

Two IgG2a/kappa- and three IgG1/kappa monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were produced against human tetranectin (TN): this is the first report of stable hybridomas producing MAbs against TN. All the MAbs reacted with non-conformational epitopes located within amino acid residues 50-181 of the primary sequence. In relative epitope mapping with enzyme immunoassay and isotachophoresis the five MAbs defined two independent epitope groups.

Tetranectin and plasmin/plasminogen are similarly distributed at the invasive front of cutaneous melanoma lesions.

The induction of expression of the components of the proteolytic plasminogen activation system in cutaneous melanocytic tumour progression has previously been reported. Plasminogen activators, their inhibitors, and the receptor for urokinase were present only in advanced primary melanomas and melanoma metastases. The present study reports on the presence of tetranectin and plasmin/ plasminogen, two proteins connected with plasminogen activation, in cutaneous melanocytic lesions.