Congenital nasal pyriform aperture stenosis; our experience of 34 cases.

Objectives: To study our population of patients with congenital nasal pyriform aperture stenosis (CNPAS) in terms of incidence and socioeconomic status; the effect of pyriform aperture size, gestational age, birth weight, and whether congenital abnormalities are associated with surgical requirement.

Methodology: Retrospective case note review of all patients treated for CNPAS at a single tertiary paediatric referral site was undertaken. Diagnosis was made on the basis of a pyriform aperture of <11 mm on CT scanning; patient demographics were collected to explore risk factors for surgery and surgical outcomes.

A phylogenomic analysis of Lonicera and its bearing on the evolution of organ fusion.

Premise: The ~140 species of Lonicera are characterized by variously fused leaves, bracteoles, and ovaries, making it a model system for studying the evolution and development of organ fusion. However, previous phylogenetic analyses, based mainly on chloroplast DNA markers, have yielded uncertain and conflicting results. A well-supported phylogeny of Lonicera will allow us to trace the evolutionary history of organ fusion.

Outcomes and complications of simple layered closure of persistent tracheocutaneous fistula after tracheostomy in childhood.

Background: Up to half of all children who have a tracheostomy will develop a persistent tracheo-cutaneous fistula (TCF) after decannulation. Surgical closure of the TCF is technically easy but post-operative complications can be immediate and life-threatening. These include air leak from the tracheal repair leading to massive surgical emphysema or pneumothorax.

Self-Report on Men's Beliefs and Perceptions on Their Alcohol Use/Misuse in Southeast Nigeria.

Alcohol consumption among humans has lasted for several centuries. In Africa, drinking is normal for men despite its consequences. The study is aimed at determining the rate of alcohol consumption in the study area, health consequences of alcoholism and factors that reinforce alcoholism among men.

Replicated radiation of a plant clade along a cloud forest archipelago.

Replicated radiations, in which sets of similar forms evolve repeatedly within different regions, can provide powerful insights into parallel evolution and the assembly of functional diversity within communities. Several cases have been described in animals, but in plants we lack well-documented cases of replicated radiation that combine comprehensive phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses, the delimitation of geographic areas within which a set of 'ecomorphs' evolved independently and the identification of potential underlying mechanisms. Here we document the repeated evolution of a set of leaf ecomorphs in a group of neotropical plants.

Paediatric tracheobronchomalacia: Incidence, patient characteristics, and predictors of surgical intervention.

Objectives: Tracheobronchomalacia (TBM), a condition where an abnormality of the tracheal walls causes collapse during the respiratory cycle, is a common cause of airway obstruction in childhood. TBM can present with a large spectrum of disease severity and underlying pathologies that may be managed medically and surgically, and it is not always clear which patients would most benefit from surgical intervention. We aim to describe the incidence, patient characteristics, and predictors of surgical intervention in a large cohort of paediatric patients.

Reconstructing Dipsacales phylogeny using Angiosperms353: issues and insights.

Premise: Phylogenetic relationships within major angiosperm clades are increasingly well resolved, but largely informed by plastid data. Areas of poor resolution persist within the Dipsacales, including placement of Heptacodium and Zabelia, and relationships within the Caprifolieae and Linnaeeae, hindering our interpretation of morphological evolution. Here, we sampled a significant number of nuclear loci using a Hyb-Seq approach and used these data to infer the Dipsacales phylogeny and estimate divergence times.

Acute isolated sphenoid sinusitis in children: A case series and systematic review of the literature.

Objective: This study aims to present a case series and systematic review of acute isolated sphenoid sinusitis (AISS) in children in order to better characterize clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of this condition.

Data Sources: Ovid MEDLINE, Pubmed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar.

Study Selection: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.

Joint Phylogenetic Estimation of Geographic Movements and Biome Shifts during the Global Diversification of Viburnum.

Phylogeny, molecular sequences, fossils, biogeography, and biome occupancy are all lines of evidence that reflect the singular evolutionary history of a clade, but they are most often studied separately, by first inferring a fossil-dated molecular phylogeny, then mapping on ancestral ranges and biomes inferred from extant species. Here we jointly model the evolution of biogeographic ranges, biome affinities, and molecular sequences, while incorporating fossils to estimate a dated phylogeny for all of the 163 extant species of the woody plant clade Viburnum (Adoxaceae) that we currently recognize in our ongoing worldwide monographic treatment of the group. Our analyses indicate that while the major Viburnum lineages evolved in the Eocene, the majority of extant species originated since the Miocene.

Fruit syndromes in Viburnum: correlated evolution of color, nutritional content, and morphology in bird-dispersed fleshy fruits.

Premise: A key question in plant dispersal via animal vectors is where and why fruit colors vary between species and how color relates to other fruit traits. To better understand the factors shaping the evolution of fruit color diversity, we tested for the existence of syndromes of traits (color, morphology, and nutrition) in the fruits of Viburnum. We placed these results in a larger phylogenetic context and reconstructed ancestral states to assess how Viburnum fruit traits have evolved across the clade.

Feasibility of ovine and porcine models for simulation training in parotid surgery and facial nerve dissection.

Purpose: To assess and compare the feasibility of using ovine and porcine models as surgical simulation training tools for otolaryngology trainees performing parotid surgery and facial nerve dissection.

Methods: Trainees performed parotid surgery (total parotidectomy, retrograde facial nerve dissection and facial nerve grafting) on an ovine and porcine model. Participants completed a 22-item, five-point Likert scale questionnaire on each model, assessing three validation domains; face validity (FV), global content validity (GCV) and task-specific content validity (TSCV).

Active pollination drives selection for reduced pollen-ovule ratios.

Premise: Variation in pollen-ovule ratios is thought to reflect the degree of pollen transfer efficiency-the more efficient the process, the fewer pollen grains needed. Few studies have directly examined the relationship between pollen-ovule ratio and pollen transfer efficiency. For active pollination in the pollination brood mutualisms of yuccas and yucca moths, figs and fig wasps, senita and senita moths, and leafflowers and leafflower moths, pollinators purposefully collect pollen and place it directly on the stigmatic surface of conspecific flowers.

Prevalence, risk factors and management strategies for otological problems in girls with Turner syndrome.

Aim: To determine the prevalence and risk factors of ear disease in Turner syndrome (TS), propose an algorithm for future surveillance and recommend preventative strategies.

Methods: Review of TS patients seen in the West of Scotland between 1989 and 2015, with questionnaire follow-up in 2015.

Results: Of 168 girls, median age 27.

Validation of Animal Models for Simulation Training in Pediatric Laryngotracheal Reconstruction.

Objectives: To assess and compare the face (FV) and content validity (CV) of three ex vivo animal models for simulation training in pediatric laryngotracheal reconstruction (LTR).

Methods: Feasibility of performing LTR was assessed on the head and neck of three different animals (lamb/suckling-pig/rabbit) and laryngeal dimensions and qualitative observations were recorded. A 19-item five-point Likert scale questionnaire was completed for each model to assess FV and CV.

Simulation training in laser safety education: the use of technical and non-technical skills simulation in a comprehensive laser safety course.

Objective: The completion of a laser safety course remains a core surgical curriculum requirement for otolaryngologists training in the UK. This project aimed to develop a comprehensive laser safety course utilising both technical and non-technical skills simulation.

Methods: Otolaryngology trainees and consultants from the West of Scotland Deanery attended a 1-day course comprising lectures, two high-fidelity simulation scenarios and a technical simulation of safe laser use in practice.

A systematic review of simulated laryngotracheal reconstruction animal models.

Objectives: Review of the literature to identify practical, high-fidelity, commercially available animal models for simulation training and surgical skills maintenance in laryngotracheal reconstruction (LTR).

Methods: A systematic review of PubMed and Embase databases was conducted independently by two authors, according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Search terms included "laryngotracheal reconstruction," "laryngotracheoplasty," "pig and larynx," "sheep and larynx," and "rabbit and larynx.

Tasting the Tree of Life: Development of a Collaborative, Cross-Campus, Science Outreach Meal Event.

Communicating about science with the public can present a number of challenges, from participation to engagement to impact. In an effort to broadly communicate messages regarding biodiversity, evolution, and tree-thinking with the campus community at The College of New Jersey (TCNJ), a public, primarily undergraduate institution, we created a campus-wide, science-themed meal, "Tasting the Tree of Life: Exploring Biodiversity through Cuisine." We created nine meals that incorporated 149 species/ingredients across the Tree of Life.

Paediatric orbital cellulitis and the relationship to underlying sinonasal anatomy on computed tomography.

Objective: To assess if there is an association between sinonasal anatomical variants and the risk of developing orbital cellulitis and associated complications, in children.

Methods: A retrospective case-control series was conducted, examining computed tomography confirmed sinonasal anatomical variants of septal deviation and concha bullosa in children who presented with periorbital cellulitis who went on to develop orbital cellulitis and abscesses.

Results: Thirty children had a Chandler score of 2 or greater on computed tomography.

Characterization of 16 microsatellite markers for the clade of (Adoxaceae).

Premise Of The Study: Microsatellite loci were isolated from four species of (Adoxaceae) to study population structure and assess species boundaries among morphologically similar South American species of the clade.

Methods And Results: Using a microsatellite-enriched library and mining next-generation sequence data, 16 microsatellites were developed. Each locus was tested on two populations of and one population of .

First plastid phylogenomic study reveals potential cyto-nuclear discordance in the evolutionary history of Ficus L. (Moraceae).

Standard Sanger chloroplast markers provide limited information to resolve species level relationships within plants, in particular within large genera. Figs (Ficus L., Moraceae) compose one of the 50 largest genera of angiosperms with ∼750 species occurring in the tropics and subtropics worldwide.

Tracheostomy decannulation at the Royal Hospital for Sick Children in Glasgow: Predictors of success and failure.

Background: Tracheostomy techniques, indications and care are extensively covered in the literature. However, little is written about the process of removing the tracheostomy tube. At the Royal Hospital for Sick Children in Glasgow we use a stepwise ward-based protocol for safe tracheostomy decannulation.