Gastrointestinal parasites of a reintroduced semi-wild plains bison () herd: Examining effects of demographic variation, deworming treatments, and management strategy.

Bison ( spp) are being reintroduced into semi-wild, spatially constrained herds across North America and Europe. Herd managers are concerned about gastrointestinal (GI) nematode parasites as they care for the health of their bison. We examine how demographics, grazing location, herd management, and anthelmintic treatments affect the fecal egg counts (FECs) of GI nematodes within a reintroduced Plains bison () herd in the Great Plains.

Effectiveness of composting as a biosecure disposal method for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV)-infected pig carcasses.

Background: Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an enteric disease of swine that has emerged as a worldwide threat to swine herd health and production. Substantial research has been conducted to assess viability of the virus on surfaces of vehicles and equipment, in feed and water, and on production building surfaces, but little is known about the persistence in PEDV-infected carcasses and effective disposal methods thereof. This study was conducted to quantify the persistence of PEDV RNA via quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) at various time-temperature combinations and in infected piglet carcasses subjected to composting.

Assessment of Tribal Bison Worker Hazards Using Trusted Research Facilitators.

Objectives: Agriculture is one of the most hazardous industries in the United States. Within agriculture, livestock handling is particularly dangerous. While injury and fatality rates for bison handlers have not been reported, workers in many of the newly established tribal bison herds have limited safety training and animal handling experience, making this a vulnerable workforce.

Type 2 BVDV N suppresses IFN-1 pathway signaling in bovine cells and augments BRSV replication.

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection induces immunosuppression and in conjunction with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) contributes to the bovine respiratory disease complex. Bovine turbinate cells were single or co-infected with type 2 BVDV wild-type (BVDV2-wt), its dysfunctional N mutant (BVDV2-E), and/or BRSV. BVDV2-E significantly up-regulated PKR, IRF-7, TBK-1, IRF-3, and IFN-β mRNAs based on real-time Q-RT-PCR.

Experimental acute infection of alpacas with Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 subgenotype b alters peripheral blood and GALT leukocyte subsets.

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a pathogen in cattle and alpacas ( Vicugna pacos), causing acute and persistent BVDV infections. We characterized the effect of acute BVDV infection on the immune system of alpacas by determining lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood and gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) as well as serum interferon levels. Alpacas were experimentally infected with BVDV-1b (strain CO-06).

Experimental infection of conventional nursing pigs and their dams with Porcine deltacoronavirus.

Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a newly identified virus that has been detected in swine herds of North America associated with enteric disease. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the pathogenicity, course of infection, virus kinetics, and aerosol transmission of PDCoV using 87 conventional piglets and their 9 dams, including aerosol and contact controls to emulate field conditions. Piglets 2-4 days of age and their dams were administered an oronasal PDCoV inoculum with a quantitative real-time reverse transcription (qRT)-PCR quantification cycle (Cq) value of 22 that was generated from a field sample having 100% nucleotide identity to USA/Illinois121/2014 determined by metagenomic sequencing and testing negative for other enteric disease agents using standard assays.

Distribution of lymphoid depletion and viral antigen in alpacas experimentally infected with Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1.

It was hypothesized that acute postnatal Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1) infection leads to leukopenia and lymphoid depletion of gut-associated lymphoid tissues similar to acute disease in calves. The objectives of the current study were to characterize the pathologic effects, viremia, viral shedding, and viral antigen deposition in 6-24-month-old, acutely infected alpacas following experimental infection with noncytopathic BVDV-1 subgenotype 1b (BVDV C0-6). The BVDV-1 isolate was obtained from a cria with naturally occurring persistent infection.

Bovine maternal, fetal and neonatal responses to bovine viral diarrhea virus infections.

Due to the affinity of BVDV for the fetus and for cells of lymphatic organs of infected cattle, reproductive failure or immunosuppression, respectively, are likely consequences of BVDV infections of susceptible cattle. Infection of susceptible pregnant cattle with noncytopathic (ncp) BVDV results in transplacental infection with induction of maternal and fetal innate and adaptive immune responses. Differences in maternal innate and adaptive immune responses are evident in late gestation between cows carrying fetuses persistently-infected (PI) with BVDV and cows with fetuses transiently-infected with BVDV.

Comparison of viral replication and IFN response in alpaca and bovine cells following bovine viral diarrhea virus infection.

Alpacas develop diminished disease following bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection compared to cattle. We hypothesized that alpaca and bovine cells have differential permissiveness and responses to BVDV infection. To characterize alpaca testicular (AT) and bovine turbinate (BT) cells BVDV infection permissiveness, viral replication and interferon (IFN) synthesis was evaluated.

Bighorn sheep fetal lung cell line for detection of respiratory viruses.

Pneumonia is an important disease of bighorn sheep (BHS) that is primarily responsible for the drastic decline in numbers of these animals in North America. Members of the genus Mannheimia and Pasteurella have frequently been isolated from the pneumonic lungs of BHS. Antibodies to several respiratory viruses, including bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV-3), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), and bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), have been detected in herds of BHS.

Ethidium monoazide does not inhibit RT-PCR amplification of nonviable avian influenza RNA.

A critical obstacle to using PCR to quantify viral titers is the distinguishment of viable and nonviable genomic material. Pretreatments of ethidium monoazide (EMA) have been effective in preventing PCR amplification of DNA from nonviable bacteria. To test whether an EMA pretreatment could be used with RT-PCR to quantify viable RNA virions, avian influenza virus (AIV) survival was measured in water through 28d using cell culture titration and real-time RT-PCR with or without EMA pretreatment.

Effect of the viral protein N(pro) on virulence of bovine viral diarrhea virus and induction of interferon type I in calves.

Objective: To characterize the influence of the viral protein N(pro) on virulence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and on type I interferon responses in calves.

Animals: 10 calves, 4 to 6 months of age.

Procedures: BVDV virulence and type I interferon responses of calves (n = 5) infected with a noncytopathic BVDV with a deleted N(pro) were compared with those of calves (5) infected with a noncytopathic BVDV with a functional N(pro).

Survival of the avian influenza virus (H6N2) after land disposal.

An integral component in preventing an avian influenza pandemic is containment and disposal of infected bird (poultry) carcasses. Disposal of carcasses in Subtitle D municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills may be an advantageous option due to their large capacities and facility distribution in the U.S.

A replicon trans-packaging system reveals the requirement of nonstructural proteins for the assembly of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) virion.

A selective trans-packaging system was developed to produce and isolate bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) pseudo-particles with complementing reporter replicons and their packaging proteins expressed in trans with recombinant vaccinia virus. The encapsidation of replicon rNS3-5B was dependent not only on the in trans expression of structural proteins C, E(rns), E1 and E2, but also the nonstructural proteins, p7 and contiguous precursor NS2-3-4A. Nonstructural p7, NS4B, NS5A or NS5B could be expressed in cis and in trans with precursor NS2-3-4A without significantly affecting virion assembly efficiency.

Prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus infections in alpacas in the United States.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)-infected alpaca herds in the United States and investigate factors associated with seropositive herd status and, subsequently, determine the proportion of animals within seropositive alpaca herds that are persistently infected (PI) carriers for BVDV, obtain information regarding previous herd exposure to BVDV, determine titers of anti-BVDV antibodies of dams, and ascertain whether individual seropositive crias had received supplemental colostrum at birth.

Design: Prevalence study.

Animals: 63 alpaca herds with >or= 12 registered female alpacas.

Immune evasion by pathogens of bovine respiratory disease complex.

Bovine respiratory tract disease is a multi-factorial disease complex involving several viruses and bacteria. Viruses that play prominent roles in causing the bovine respiratory disease complex include bovine herpesvirus-1, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus and parinfluenza-3 virus. Bacteria that play prominent roles in this disease complex are Mannheimia haemolytica and Mycoplasma bovis.

Characterization of protection against systemic infection and disease from experimental bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 infection by use of a modified-live noncytopathic type 1 vaccine in calves.

Objective: To evaluate protection resulting from use of a modified-live noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 1 vaccine against systemic infection and clinical disease in calves challenged with type 2 BVDV.

Animals: 10 calves, 5 to 7 months of age.

Procedures: Calves were allocated (n = 5/group) to be nonvaccinated or vaccinated SC on day 0 with BVDV 1 (WRL strain).

Influence of bovine respiratory syncytial virus F glycoprotein N-linked glycans on in vitro expression and on antibody responses in BALB/c mice.

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is an etiological component of the bovine respiratory tract disease complex. Infection with BRSV following vaccination, or re-infection following natural infection is common since protection is incomplete. The objectives of this study were to create plasmid DNA constructs encoding single or multiple N-glycosylation-site deletion BRSV fusion (F) proteins, and evaluate their expression in cell culture, and potential to induce anti-BRSV F antibody responses in BALB/c mice.

Characterization of protection from systemic infection and disease by use of a modified-live noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 vaccine in experimentally infected calves.

Objective: To evaluate protection against systemic infection and clinical disease provided by use of a modified-live noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 1 vaccine in calves challenged with NY-1 BVDV.

Animals: 10 calves, 5 to 7 months of age.

Procedures: Calves were allocated (n = 5/group) to be nonvaccinated or vaccinated SC on day 0 with BVDV type 1 (WRL strain).

In vitro and in vivo translational efficiencies of the 5' untranslated region from eight genotype 2 bovine viral diarrhea virus field isolates.

We determined the in vitro and in vivo translational efficiency mediated by the internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) from eight BVDV2 field isolates varying in virulence using a bicistronic reporter vector in rabbit reticulocyte lysates (RRL), and in primate and bovine cell lines. Using a T7-promoter system, the high virulence isolates had greater translational efficiencies in bovine lymphocytes (BL-3 cells), than did the low virulence isolates. The low virulence isolates translated with greater efficiencies than the high virulence isolates in RRL, African green monkey kidney (CV-1) and bovine turbinate (BT) cells.

Detection and quantitation of bovine respiratory syncytial virus using real-time quantitative RT-PCR and quantitative competitive RT-PCR assays.

A single tube, fluorogenic probe-based, real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (Q-RT-PCR) assay was developed for detection and quantitation of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) using BioRad's iCycler iQ. Real-time Q-RT-PCR was compared with quantitative competitive RT-PCR (QC-RT-PCR) and viral titers. Viral mRNA levels were measured in BRSV-infected bovine turbinate cell lysate harvested at eight time points (1.

In vitro expression of full-length and truncated bovine respiratory syncytial virus G proteins and their antibody responses in BALB/c mice.

Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is a primary cause of lower respiratory tract disease in calves. Protection is incomplete following vaccination or natural infection, as re-infections are common. The objectives of this study were to create plasmid DNA constructs encoding the full-length, secreted, or conserved region of the BRSV G glycoprotein, and to compare and evaluate their expression in cell culture and potential to induce antibody responses in BALB/c mice.

Evolution of bovine viral diarrhea virus vaccines.

Control of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection is economically important to the cattle industry because the virus causes a variety of clinical diseases that adversely affect essentially all stages of the production cycle. Production losses primarily stem from reproductive failure and from immunosuppression during acute BVDV infection, which predisposes calves to respiratory or enteric diseases. Control is achieved by implementing herd health pro-grams focused on limiting exposure by avoiding persistently infected (PI) carrier cattle and by optimizing protective immunity through immunization.

Comparative virulence of isolates of bovine viral diarrhea virus type II in experimentally inoculated six- to nine-month-old calves.

Objective: To determine the comparative virulence of 5 isolates of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type II by inoculating 6- to 9-month-old beef calves with isolates originating from the tissues of cattle affected with naturally occurring, transient, acute, nonfatal infections or naturally occurring, peracute, fatal infections.

Animals: 22 calves that were 6 to 9 months old.

Procedure: The study used BVDV isolates 17011, 713, and 5521 that originated from fetuses aborted from cows with transient, nonfatal, acute BVDV infections and isolates 23025 and 17583 that originated from the tissues of cattle with peracute, fatal BVDV infections.

Effect of infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus alone, bovine rotavirus alone, or concurrent infection with both on enteric disease in gnotobiotic neonatal calves.

Objective: To compare experimentally induced concurrent infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and bovine rotavirus (BRV) with infection of either virus alone in calves.

Animals: Seventeen 1-day-old gnotobiotic calves.

Procedure: Calves were allotted to 8 treatments as follows: group 1, mock-infected control calves (n = 2); group 2, inoculated with BVDV on day 1 (2); groups 3, 5, and 7, inoculated with BRV on days 1 (2), 4 (1), or 7 (2), respectively; and groups 4, 6, and 8, inoculated with BVDV on day 1 and with BRV on days 1 (2), 4 (2), or 7 (4), respectively.