[Tuberculosis Profile in Chile: Effect of Migration, Overcrowding and Income on Tuberculosis and Its Spatial Distribution].

Aim: To analyze tuberculosis (TB) incidence, demographic profiles, and associated risk factors in migrant and national populations, in order to understand the impact of migration, overcrowding, and socioeconomic factors on TB prevalence and care-seeking behaviors.

Material And Methods: Data from various communes within the Metropolitan Region and other parts of the national territory were analyzed to assess TB incidence, demographic characteristics, and care-seeking behaviors among migrant and national populations.

Results: TB disproportionately affects males in both migrant and national populations.

Sex disparities in gallstone disease: insights from the MAUCO prospective population-based cohort study.

Objective: To investigate factors associated with the prevalence and incidence of gallstone disease (GSD) in women and men of the MAUCO population-based prospective cohort.

Design: 8948 MAUCO participants (aged 38-74 years) underwent abdominal ultrasound at baseline (2015-2019); 4385 received follow-up ultrasound at years 2 or 4. Factors associated with prevalent GSD were assessed using Poisson multiple regression and with incident GSD using Cox regression models.

[The impact of the different waves of COVID-19 pandemic in Chile across regions].

Background: The effects of COVID-19 in Chile changed over time and among regions.

Aim: To identify patterns in the impact and evolution of COVID-19 for each wave generated between 2020 and 2022 at the 16 regions of the country.

Material And Methods: Several indicators related to the pandemic, their evolution and their consequences for the health system and the health of the population were calculated.

Inequity in mortality rates and potential years of life lost caused by COVID-19 in the Greater Santiago, Chile.

Several studies have shown that, in Chile, income inequality is relevant in explaining health inequities. The COVID-19 pandemic has also had a negative impact, with higher mortality rates in those municipalities of Greater Santiago with lower socioeconomic status. We study inequity in mortality based on Potential Years of Life Lost (PYLL) in 34 urban municipalities of the Metropolitan Region (Greater Santiago) and analyze its evolution between 2018 and 2021 and by COVID-19 waves.

Factors associated with change in adherence to COVID-19 personal protection measures in the Metropolitan Region, Chile.

Personal protective measures such use of face masks, hand washing and physical distancing have proven to be effective in controlling the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic. However, adherence to these measures may have been relaxed over time. The objective of this work is to assess the change in adherence to these measures and to find factors that explain the change For this purpose, we conducted a survey in the Metropolitan Region of Chile in which we asked the adherence to these measures in August-September 2021 and retrospectively for 2020.

Identification of COVID-19 Waves: Considerations for Research and Policy.

The identification of COVID-19 waves is a matter of the utmost importance, both for research and decision making. This study uses COVID-19 information from the 52 municipalities of the Metropolitan Region, Chile, and presents a quantitative method-based on weekly accumulated incidence rates-to define COVID-19 waves. We explore three different criteria to define the duration of a wave, and performed a sensitivity analysis using multivariate linear models to show their commonalities and differences.

A strategy to impute age at onset of a particular condition from external sources.

A key hypothesis in epidemiological studies is that time to disease exposure provides relevant information to be considered in statistical models. However, the initiation time of a particular condition is usually unknown. Therefore, we developed a multiple imputation methodology for the age at onset of a particular condition, which is supported by incidence data from different sources of information.

Polypharmacy in a semirural community in Chile: Results from Maule Cohort.

Purpose: Although polypharmacy in younger populations is a growing public health concern, most studies addressing polypharmacy focus on elderly populations. Thus, polypharmacy is not yet well understood in younger populations.

Methods: Baseline data from the Maule Cohort (MAUCO) (adults aged 38-74 years) were used to study the prevalence of polypharmacy and associated participant characteristics using logistic and zero-inflated negative binomial regressions.

[Effectiveness and tolerability of low volume bowel cleansing polyethylene glycol solution for colonoscopy].

Background: A successful colonoscopy depends, among other factors, on a proper colon cleansing. This variable also affects the acceptance of the patient to carry out the study.

Aim: To analyze the efficacy and tolerability of a low volume polyethylene glycol formulation (2 liters), compared to the conventional presentation of 4 liters.

Pharmacological interaction between NSAIDS with clomipramine and risperidone in mice visceral pain.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) possess as primary action mechanism the inhibition of cyclooxygenases (COX-1, COX-2, and COX-3), thus producing a decreasing prostaglandin synthesis. This study was designed to evaluate whether the antinociception induced by NSAIDs could be modulated by clomipramine or risperidone using a chemical model of inflammatory acute visceral pain, the abdominal acetic acid induced a writhing test in mice. Dose-response curves, intraperitoneal, or intrathecal for the antinociceptive activity displayed by ketoprofen, piroxicam, nimesulide, parecoxib, and paracetamol were analyzed in order to obtain the ED of each drug.

Typhoid Fever in Chile 1969-2012: Analysis of an Epidemic and Its Control.

From 1975 to 1983, a large epidemic of typhoid fever (TF) affected the metropolitan region (MR) of Chile (incidence rate [IR] of 219.6 per 10 in 1983). In 1983-1984, interventions were implemented focusing on person-to-person transmission (vaccination, food handlers' control, and mass communication) and regulations to control irrigation waters containing fecal contaminates.

[Secular variation of births, weight and length at birth: Local perspective].

Objective: To analyse the outcomes of births and anthropometric measurements at birth of children born between 1974 and 2011 at Limache Hospital (Valparaíso, Chile).

Patients And Method: Times series were constructed of births, weight and length at birth, and low weight and length at birth. The trend was modelled with linear and logistical regressions using splines to represent breaks in the trend by decade.

Thermal threshold: research study on small fiber dysfunction in distal diabetic polyneuropathy.

Objective: The most commonly used technique for diagnosis of diabetic neuropathy (DN) is nervous conduction (NC). Our hypothesis is that the use of the thermal threshold (TT) technique to evaluate small fiber damage, which precedes large fiber damage, could enable earlier diagnosis and diminish false negatives.

Research Design And Methods: The study involved 70 asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) all being treated with oral hypoglycemic medication, and having negative metabolic control levels with glycosylated hemoglobin A1c greater than 7% and less than 8%.

[Poverty and indigenous origin as risk factors of nutritional problems among children who enroll in school].

Objective: To estimate the effect of indigenous ancestry and poverty on nutritional outcomes in Chilean schoolchildren.

Material And Methods: We used the national database of children entering to the public educational system in 1997-2004. This includes anthropometric assessment, socioeconomic status and parental surnames, used to derive the ethnic origin.

Health risk estimation due to carbon monoxide pollution at different spatial levels in Santiago, Chile.

The Metropolitan Region of Santiago has been declared as nonattainment area for carbon monoxide (CO). The data was based on seven air monitoring stations that do not necessarily represent the real population exposure. Usually, a series of coefficients that relates the concentration of pollutants with health effects (betas of the concentration-response equations) are used.

Evolution of the nutritional situation of indigenous and non-indigenous Chilean schoolchildren.

Background: Latin American countries show accelerated but ethnically or socially differentiated changes in their epidemiological profiles.

Aim: The present study examined the evolution of the nutritional situation (1997-2005) in Chilean schoolchildren as related to ethnical origin (Mapuche).

Subjects And Methods: Using official databases, stunting (height/age or=95 percentile) were ascribed in first-grade schoolchildren.

Childhood environment and atopic conditions, with emphasis on asthma in a Chilean agricultural area.

Background: An explanation of the etiology of atopic conditions based on the hygiene hypothesis remains controversial.

Objective: To analyze exposure variables in childhood to assess their impact on hay fever, asthma, and sensitization.

Methods: Data were collected on 1,232 young Chilean adults born between 1974 and 1978.

Do psychological distress and somatization contribute to misattribution of asthma? A Chilean study.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the association between asthma and distress by whether symptoms of asthma present alone or are accompanied by atopy or bronchial reactivity to methacholine [bronchial responsiveness (BHR)], hence, to ascertain whether overreporting of asthma symptoms occurs in those with distress.

Methods: We studied 601 young adults in four groups: those with asthma symptoms and atopy or positive BHR, those with asthma symptoms only, those with atopy or positive BHR only, and controls. The main independent variables were the General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) and 45 physical symptoms to assess somatization.

[Impact of air pollution by fine particulate matter (PM10) on daily mortality in Temuco, Chile].

Background: Temuco (304,000 inhabitants) has high levels of air pollution, mainly due to fine particulate matter of less than 10 microm (PM10). The effects of this pollution on population health have not been studied.

Aim: To study the short-term effects of PM10 on daily mortality in Temuco, in Southern Chile, due to respiratory and cardiovascular causes.

A feeling of well-being accompanied by a period of prosperity and birthweight in Chile: a possible link?

The aims of the study were to describe the trend in birthweight from 1985 to 2000 in Chile and ascertain the possible factors that may explain the changes in birthweight during the period. We used time series of birthweight and length at birth of all live births (n > 4,000,000). Multivariable regression analyses were carried out to assess whether the gender of the newborn, maternal education, maternal age and marital status could explain the trend in the total time series and by period.

Untreated asthma, final height and sitting height/leg length ratio in Chile.

Objective: There is uncertainty as to whether asthma has an effect on final height. We investigated using subjective and objective assessments whether untreated asthma is associated with final height, leg length and sitting height to leg length ratio in an area of Chile in which almost no one received asthma treatment.

Methods: We collected data on 1232 males and females aged 22-28 years in a semi-rural area of Chile.