Doping Control Analysis of Total Carbon Dioxide (TCO) in Equine Plasma by Headspace Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HS-GC/MS).

The use of alkalinising agents prior to racing for manipulating performance in the horse has been identified since the 1990s. To mitigate the risk, an international threshold for available carbon dioxide in equine plasma based on analyses using the Beckman Synchron EL-ISE analyser was adopted in 1994 by the International Federation of Horseracing Authorities (IFHA) and revised from 37 to 36 mM in 2004. In 2009, the technical support for the above instrument was discontinued by its manufacturer.

A semi-quantitative sport-specific assessment of recurrent traumatic brain injury: the TraQ questionnaire and its application in American football.

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is very frequent and studied among contact sport players, above all American Football. Now, the defined diagnosis is only post-mortem and, consequently, more detailed diagnostic in-vivo instruments are needed to facilitate diagnosis and to allow a follow up. This clinical questionnaire (Trauma Questionnaire-TraQ) has been designed to investigate in parallel the traumatic load and clinical and cognitive subjective symptoms.

Free and cued selective reminding test predicts progression to Alzheimer's disease in people with mild cognitive impairment.

Introduction: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of the free and cued selective reminding test (FCSRT) for the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Methods: We enrolled 187 consecutive MCI outpatients from a memory clinic that were evaluated at baseline and every 6 to 12 months through an extensive clinical and neuropsychological protocol. For each test, measures of diagnostic accuracy were obtained.

Living Alone and Dementia Incidence: A Clinical-Based Study in People With Mild Cognitive Impairment.

Introduction: Social isolation and living alone have been associated with negative outcomes, especially in the older population. We aim to investigate the effect of living alone on the development of dementia in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Materials And Methods: In this longitudinal study, we enrolled 345 outpatients with MCI evaluated at baseline through a clinical and neuropsychological protocol.

The LRRK2 Variant E193K Prevents Mitochondrial Fission Upon MPP+ Treatment by Altering LRRK2 Binding to DRP1.

Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 gene () are associated with familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). LRRK2 is a complex protein that consists of multiple domains, including 13 putative armadillo-type repeats at the N-terminus. In this study, we analyzed the functional and molecular consequences of a novel variant, E193K, identified in an Italian family.

Self-Awareness for Memory Impairment in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Longitudinal Study.

Aim: To assess memory impairment insight as a predictor of dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Methods: To verify whether the awareness of memory impairment assessed by Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) was associated with the risk of progression to dementia and AD in a cohort of MCI, we used a Cox regression model adjusted for age, sex, education, subtypes of amnestic MCI, Mini-Mental State Examination, Cumulative Illness Rating Scale severity index, and apolipoprotein E genotype.

Results: During a follow-up of 27.

Efficacy of rasagiline and selegiline in Parkinson's disease: a head-to-head 3-year retrospective case-control study.

Monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) inhibitors, such as selegiline and rasagiline, can be used as monotherapy or adjuvant therapy to levodopa in Parkinson's disease (PD). Data on long-term efficacy of MAO-B inhibitors are limited with no head-to-head comparison available to date. The aim of this case-control retrospective study was to analyze data from patients with PD attending the Parkinson Institute (Milan, Italy) over a 6-year period (2009-2015) and compare the effects of selegiline and rasagiline on levodopa treatment outcomes.

Nutritional status and body composition by bioelectrical impedance vector analysis: A cross sectional study in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease.

Aims: Analysis of nutritional status and body composition in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI).

Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in a University-Hospital setting, recruiting 59 patients with AD, 34 subjects with MCI and 58 elderly healthy controls (HC). Nutritional status was assessed by anthropometric parameters (body mass index; calf, upper arm and waist circumferences), Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) and body composition by bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA).

Survival and dementia in GBA-associated Parkinson's disease: The mutation matters.

Objective: The objective of this work was to investigate survival, dementia, and genotype-phenotype correlations in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) with and without mutations on the glucocerebrosidase gene (GBA).

Methods: We included 2,764 unrelated consecutive PD patients: 123 GBA carriers (67 mild-p.N370S and 56 severe mainly p.

Sleep, headaches and cerebral energy control: a synoptic view.

The amount of cerebral functions is particularly elevated. This intense activity requires a great expenditure of energy: the restoration of energy is the fundamental function of sleep whilst the slowdown in energy consumption may be considered the physiological effect of primary headaches. The continuous interaction of sleep and primary headaches is possible as they share many anatomical and functional cerebral systems.

Spontaneous Reversion of Mild Cognitive Impairment to Normal Cognition: A Systematic Review of Literature and Meta-Analysis.

Objectives: The issue of subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) reverting to normal cognition (NC) has to date been taken in limited consideration, and no conclusive data are available on the rate of reversion. We aimed at systematically reviewing available longitudinal studies on MCI and meta-analyzing data with the purpose of estimating the proportion of subjects reverting to NC.

Design: We performed a systematic bibliographic search on PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and the ISI Web of Science databases.

Brain plasticity and migraine transformation: fMRI evidences.

Chronification transforms episodic migraine into the pathologic chronic form. Biological characteristics of the migrainous brain progressively change, in predisposed subjects, under the repetition of external and internal stimuli. Modifications involve neurons, synapses, neurotransmitters, receptors, connectivity and pain control.

Body Mass Index Predicts Progression of Mild Cognitive Impairment to Dementia.

Aims: To examine the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and progression to dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) in mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Materials And Methods: Two hundred and twenty-eight MCI subjects (mean age 74.04 ± 6.

Weight Loss Predicts Progression of Mild Cognitive Impairment to Alzheimer's Disease.

Background: Weight loss is common in people with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and it could be a marker of impending AD in Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and improve prognostic accuracy, if accelerated progression to AD would be shown.

Aims: To assess weight loss as a predictor of dementia and AD in MCI.

Methods: One hundred twenty-five subjects with MCI (age 73.

Dementia in Parkinson's disease: Is male gender a risk factor?

Background: The rates of cognitive decline in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) are higher than in the general population. Age and disease duration have been associated with increasing rates of dementia in PD. However, the role of other factors including gender has been poorly investigated.

Misidentification Delusions: Prevalence in Different Types of Dementia and Validation of a Structured Questionnaire.

Misidentification delusions (MDs) are considered relatively rare psychopathologic phenomena that may occur within the context of psychiatric or neurological conditions. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of MD in different types of dementia, correlate the presence of MD with demographic and clinical variables, and validate a specific questionnaire. We examined 146 subjects with Alzheimer disease, 21 with Lewy body dementia, 6 with frontotemporal dementia, and 13 with vascular dementia (subcortical type), who were consecutively enrolled in the study from 2 Memory Clinics.