A qualitative risk assessment model for water reuse: Risks related to agricultural irrigation in Brazil.

Urbanization and industrialization are increasing extreme weather events, causing water quantity and quality reduction. Global water scarcity impacts 32.5 % of the urban population and is growing.

Characterization of solids originating from the Fenton's process.

Fenton's process has proven to be a viable alternative for the oxidation of organic pollutants in mixed waste chemicals, with a high efficiency in the removal of heavy metals from the effluent as a side effect. However, a solid residue loaded with metals is obtained as a by-product. In this paper, the solids originating from the Fenton's oxidation of mixed waste chemicals from an academic laboratory were studied.

Sulfate removal from waste chemicals by precipitation.

Chemical oxidation using Fenton's reagent has proven to be a viable alternative to the oxidative destruction of organic pollutants in mixed waste chemicals, but the sulfate concentration in the treated liquor was still above the acceptable limits for effluent discharge. In this paper, the feasibility of sulfate removal from complex laboratory wastewaters using barium and calcium precipitation was investigated. The process was applied to different wastewater cases (two composite samples generated in different periods) in order to study the effect of the wastewater composition on the sulfate precipitation.

Optimization of Fenton's oxidation of chemical laboratory wastewaters using the response surface methodology.

Establishing a treatment process for practical and economic disposal of laboratory wastewaters has become an urgent environmental concern of the Department of Chemical Engineering of the Universidade Estadual de Maringá (State University of Maringá), Brazil. Fenton and related reactions are potentially useful oxidation processes for destroying toxic organic compounds in water. In these reactions, hydrogen peroxide is combined with ferrous or ferric iron in the presence or absence of light to generate hydroxyl radicals (.