[Overweight and obesity in adults: general principles of treatment and conservative management].

The prevalence of overweight and obesity is steadily increasing in Austria as well as internationally. Obesity in particular is associated with multiple health risks, comorbidities, functional disability, and social stigma. Obesity is an independent, complex, chronic disease and should be treated as such by a multidisciplinary team of appropriately qualified personnel.

[Lifestyle: physical activity and training as prevention and therapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus (Update 2023)].

Lifestyle, in general and particularly regular physical activity, is known to be an important component in the prevention and therapy of type 2 diabetes.To gain substantial health benefits, a minimum of 150 min of moderate or vigorous intense aerobic physical activity and muscle strengthening activities per week should be performed. Additionally, inactivity should be recognized as health hazard and prolonged episodes of sitting should be avoided.

[Antihyperglycemic treatment guidelines for diabetes mellitus type 2 (Update 2023)].

Hyperglycemia significantly contributes to complications in patients with diabetes mellitus. While lifestyle interventions remain cornerstones of disease prevention and treatment, most patients with type 2 diabetes will eventually require pharmacotherapy for glycemic control. The definition of individual targets regarding optimal therapeutic efficacy and safety as well as cardiovascular effects is of great importance.

[Lifestyle: physical activity and training as prevetion and therapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus (Update 2019)].

Lifestyle in general and particularly health enhancing physical activity is known to be an important component in the prevention and therapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus.To gain substantial health benefits a minimum of 150 min of moderate or vigorous intense aerobic physical activity and muscle strengthening activities per week are needed. Additionally, inactivity should be recognised as health hazard and prolonged episodes of sitting should be avoided.

[Antihyperglycemic treatment guidelines for diabetes mellitus type 2 (Update 2019)].

Hyperglycemia significantly contributes to complications in patients with diabetes mellitus. While lifestyle interventions remain cornerstones of disease prevention and treatment, most patients with type 2 diabetes will eventually require pharmacotherapy for glycemic control. The definition of individual targets regarding optimal therapeutic efficacy and safety as well as cardiovascular effects is of great importance.

[Insulin therapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus (Update 2019)].

The present article is a recommendation of the Austrian Diabetes Association for the practical use of insulin in type 2 diabetes, including the various insulin regimens.

[Diabetic neuropathy and diabetic foot syndrome (Update 2019)].

These are the guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of diabetic neuropathy and diabetic foot. Diabetic neuropathy comprises a number of mono- and polyneuropathies, plexopathies, radiculopathies and autonomic neuropathy.The position statement summarizes characteristic clinical symptoms and techniques for diagnostic assessment of diabetic neuropathy, including the complex situation of the diabetic foot syndrome.

One-Year Clinical Outcomes of a Corneal Inlay for Presbyopia.

Purpose: To report the results of a 1-year follow-up analysis of the safety and efficacy of the Flexivue Microlens corneal inlay.

Methods: The Flexivue Microlens corneal inlay was implanted in the nondominant eye of patients with emmetropic presbyopia (a spherical equivalent of -0.5 to 1.

Cardiovascular safety of metformin and sulfonylureas in patients with different cardiac risk profiles.

Objectives/background: Based on previous experiences, the Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency recommend that clinical trials for novel antidiabetic drugs are powered to detect increased cardiovascular risk. In this context, data concerning licensed drugs such as metformin and sulfonylureas are conflicting. The influence of baseline cardiovascular risk on any treatment effect appears obvious but has not been formally proven.

[Antihyperglycemic treatment guidelines for diabetes mellitus type 2].

Hyperglycemia significantly contributes to micro- and macrovascular complications in patients with diabetes mellitus. While lifestyle interventions remain cornerstones of disease prevention and treatment, most patients with type 2 diabetes will eventually require pharmacotherapy for glycemic control. The definition of individual targets regarding optimal therapeutic efficacy and safety is of great importance.

[Physical activity and exercise training in the prevention and therapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus].

Lifestyle in general (nutrition, exercise, smoking habits), besides the genetic predisposition, is known to be a strong predictor for the development of diabetes. Exercise in particular is not only useful in improving glycaemia by lowering insulin resistance and positively affect insulin secretion, but to reduce cardiovascular risk.To gain substantial health benefits a minimum of 150 min of moderate or vigorous intense aerobic physical activity and muscle strengthening activities per week are needed.

[Diabetic neuropathy].

These are the guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of diabetic neuropathy. This diabetic late complication comprises a number of mono- and polyneuropathies, plexopathies, radiculopathies and autonomic neuropathy. The position statement summarizes characteristic clinical symptoms and techniques for diagnostic assessment of diabetic neuropathy.

[The diabetic foot].

These are the guidelines for preventive care, diagnosis and treatment of the diabetic foot syndrome. Diabetic periphery neuropathy, peripheral vascular disease, bone deformity and altered biomechanics are foot-related risk conditions. The position statement is focused on screening methods and recommendations for clinical care for diabetics, who currently have no foot ulcers.

Uveitic band keratopathy: child and adult.

Background: Calcified band keratopathy is a chronic degenerative disease characterized by the deposition of gray to white opacity in superficial layers of the cornea that typically develops over months or years. It is associated with a variety of conditions, including chronic uveitis.

Purpose: The objective of this study is to assess visual acuity and corneal changes in patients with band keratopathy secondary to uveitis who underwent phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK).

PONTIAC (NT-proBNP selected prevention of cardiac events in a population of diabetic patients without a history of cardiac disease): a prospective randomized controlled trial.

Objectives: The study sought to assess the primary preventive effect of neurohumoral therapy in high-risk diabetic patients selected by N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP).

Background: Few clinical trials have successfully demonstrated the prevention of cardiac events in patients with diabetes. One reason for this might be an inaccurate selection of patients.

[Wavefront-guided Lasik for low to moderate myopia: CustomCornea versus Zyoptix].

Purpose: To compare the visual and clinical outcomes of Wavefront-guided laser in situ keratomileusis (Lasik) with Alcon CustomCornea and Zyoptix systems.

Methods: A prospective, randomized, masked and bilateral study was conducted. Fifty patients with preoperative spherical equivalent ranging from -1.

[First Brazilian refractive surgery survey].

Purpose: To perform the first Brazilian refractive surgery survey.

Methods: Between August 2001 and February 2002, a questionnaire was mailed to 7890 Brazilian ophthalmologists. The questionnaire presented questions about demographic aspects, technology, instruments, market, trends, practice patterns and cost of refractive surgery.

Comparison of topographic corneal irregularity after LASIK and intrastromal corneal ring segments in the same patients.

Purpose: To retrospectively compare the irregularity of the corneal surfaces of 14 patients after LASIK in 1 eye and placement of intrastromal corneal ring segments (ICRS) in the other eye.

Methods: In a within-patient comparison, Orbscan corneal topography was used to retrospectively compare the corneal surface irregularity of LASIK-treated and ICRS-treated eyes at an outpatient tertiary-care ophthalmology clinic in Sao Paulo, Brazil. For the anterior corneal surface, irregularity measurements were compared for both the central and peripheral areas of the cornea.

Low level laser therapy in primary Raynaud's phenomenon--results of a placebo controlled, double blind intervention study.

Objective: To assess the efficacy of low level laser therapy in patients with primary Raynaud's phenomenon and predict the success of laser therapy by clinical characteristics.

Methods: Forty-eight patients were included in a randomized placebo controlled, double blind crossover study. Laser and sham therapy each were applied 5 days a week for 3 weeks.

Degree of atherosclerosis predicts short-term commitment for smoking cessation therapy.

Background: Only little is known about factors that influence the smokers' propensity to start smoking cessation therapy and stay within such programs.

Methods: One hundred fifteen subjects that were current smokers and presented at the angiologic outpatient unit were enrolled in a prospective cohort study. All patients were invited to take part in a smoking cessation program.

Cell cycle regulators at the ocular surface.

The ocular surface provides an outstanding model to examine the regulation of the proliferative cell cycle. Cells within the cornea and conjunctiva exhibit a wide range of proliferative abilities ranging from the rapidly proliferating cells in the basal cell layer of the epithelium to the quiescent keratocytes and endothelial cells. In this review, dedicated to Dr David Maurice, we will discuss four families of proteins known to regulate the cell cycle.

Ferrara intrastromal corneal ring segments for severe keratoconus.

Purpose: Intrastromal Ferrara ring segments were inserted in eyes with severe keratoconus to evaluate safety and efficacy of this procedure.

Methods: Intrastromal Ferrara ring segments were placed in 36 eyes of 35 patients with severe keratoconus, who were evaluated after 12 months of follow-up. All patients had highly disabling visual acuity, contact lens intolerance, and a previous indication for penetrating keratoplasty.

Altered glutamate uptake in peripheral tissues from Down syndrome patients.

Overexpression of APP and SOD induces beta-amyloid deposition and oxidative stress in Down syndrome (DS) patients. Both phenomena may impair glutamate transport and decreased glutamate uptake sites have been demonstrated in patient brains at autopsy. Since alterations of APP metabolism and oxidative damage are systemic, we investigated glutamate uptake in platelets and fibroblasts from DS patients to explore whether abnormalities in this process are inherent properties of DS cells and not secondary to neurodegeneration.

Exercise training improves vascular endothelial function in patients with type 1 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE-Impaired endothelial function of resistance and conduit arteries can be detected in patients with type 1 diabetes. We studied whether a persistent improvement of endothelial function can be achieved by regular physical training. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS-The study included 26 patients with type 1 diabetes of 20 +/- 10 years' duration and no overt angiopathy; 18 patients (42 +/- 10 years old) participated in a bicycle exercise training program, and 8 patients with type 1 diabetes (33 +/- 11 years old) served as control subjects.