The endonasal patient reference tracker: a novel solution for accurate noninvasive electromagnetic neuronavigation.

Objective: Electromagnetic (EM) navigation provides the advantages of continuous guidance and tip-tracking of instruments. The current solutions for patient reference trackers are suboptimal, as they are either invasively screwed to the bone or less accurate if attached to the skin. The authors present a novel EM reference method with the tracker rigidly but not invasively positioned inside the nasal cavity.

Surgical Management of Familial Trigeminal Neuralgia With Different Inheritance Patterns: A Case Report.

Introduction: Trigeminal neuralgia is a disorder characterized by unilateral electric shock-like pain, distributed in one or more trigeminal nerve branches and triggered by usually innocuous stimuli. Among the few case reports and literature reviews on familial trigeminal neuralgia (FTN), the results of several suggest the involvement of genes associated with biochemical alterations or atherosclerotic vascular malformations.

Background: We present four cases of FTN within two families (family A: two brothers; family B: two sisters).

[The woman in neurosurgery at the national institute of neurology and neurosurgery].

Women have always had a hard time in the history of medicine; Dr. Isabel Blackwell was the first woman in history to practice medicine. Dr.