Strain and force transducers used in human and veterinary tendon and ligament biomechanical studies.

Biomechanical studies often aim at determining the contribution (in terms of load or strain) of a tendon or ligament in posture, gesture or locomotion. To this end, many transducers have been developed since 30 years. These devices implanted within or attached to the inside of the tendon or ligament must be compliant enough to measure in vivo the tissue load or strain without interfering with the movement of man or animals.