The first report and biological characterization of in wild migratory waterfowl and domestic poultry in China reveal a potential threat to birds.

First confirmation of AOAV-16 in domestic and wild birds in China.AOAV-16 are low virulent viruses for chickens.Co-circulation/co-infection of AOAV-16 and H9N2 subtype AIV enhanced pathogenicity.

High positivity rate of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus in Luzon, the Philippines revealed by nested-polymerase chain reaction assay.

Caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) is a worldwide economically important disease of small ruminants particularly goats. CAE has been considered to be an emerging/re-emerging disease of goats and a notifiable disease in the Philippines. In this study, a nested-PCR method to detect CAE virus (CAEv) infection was conducted between January 2021 to December 2022.

Detection of possessing gene using gold nanoparticle probe.

Objective: The aerolysin (aerA) is a virulence indicator used to identify the pathogenicity of the strain. Targeting a pathogen's crucial virulence gene for detection is essential, as it determines the potential threat to the host. This study aimed to develop a gold nanoparticle (AuNP) probe for detecting the gene A in among field samples.

Intense Innate Immune Responses and Severe Metabolic Disorders in Chicken Embryonic Visceral Tissues Caused by Infection with Highly Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus Compared to the Avirulent Virus: A Bioinformatics Analysis.

The highly virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates typically result in severe systemic pathological changes and high mortality in Newcastle disease (ND) illness, whereas avirulent or low-virulence NDV strains can cause subclinical disease with no morbidity and even asymptomatic infections in birds. However, understanding the host's innate immune responses to infection with either a highly virulent strain or an avirulent strain, and how this response may contribute to severe pathological damages and even mortality upon infection with the highly virulent strain, remain limited. Therefore, the differences in epigenetic and pathogenesis mechanisms between the highly virulent and avirulent strains were explored, by transcriptional profiling of chicken embryonic visceral tissues (CEVT), infected with either the highly virulent NA-1 strain or the avirulent vaccine LaSota strain using RNA-seq.

Characterisation of plasmids harbouring qnrA1, qnrS1, and qnrB4 in E. coli isolated in the Philippines from food-producing animals and their products.

Objectives: Determinants showing plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance, which usually leads to antimicrobial ineffectiveness, have become an emerging clinical problem. In our previous study in the Philippines, a high prevalence of qnr determinants was found in clinical samples and food-producing animals and their food products. However, no qnr-carrying plasmids have been investigated in animals or animal-derived foods.

In vitro anthelminthic activity of fringed spiderflower (Cleome rutidosperma) ethanolic leaf extract against Fasciola spp.

Fasciolosis is considered as one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among ruminants in the Philippines. Though anthelmintic drugs are widely used to treat and control the condition, it is still worthwhile to search for alternative treatments especially when resistance to commonly used anthelmintic drugs has been reported. In this study, the ethanolic leaf extract of fringed spiderflower (Cleome rutidosperma) was evaluated for its in vitro anthelmintic activity against Fasciola spp.

High prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum by perfusion in naturally exposed water buffalo in a region of the Philippines endemic for human schistosomiasis.

In the past decade, ecological surveys emphasized rats and dogs as the most significant animal reservoirs for Schistosoma japonicum (S.j) in the Philippines. However, recent studies demonstrated 51-91% prevalence of schistosomiasis among water buffalo using qPCR in the Sj endemic regions in the Philippines.

Prevalence and Characterization of Quinolone-Resistance Determinants in Isolated from Food-Producing Animals and Animal-Derived Food in the Philippines.

Antimicrobial resistance to quinolones, which constitutes a threat to public health, has been increasing worldwide. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of quinolone-resistant determinants in not susceptible to quinolones and isolated from food-producing animals and food derived from them, in the Philippines. A total of 791 strains were isolated in 56.

Methicillin-resistant (MRSA) associated with mastitis among water buffaloes in the Philippines.

Methicillin-resistant (MRSA) from dairy animals could pose a public health concern in the population. The study was designed to determine the prevalence of and MRSA associated with mastitis among water buffaloes in the central part of Luzon island, the Philippines, and to investigate its associated factors. Three hundred and eighty-four water buffaloes were examined for mastitis using California mastitis test (CMT).

Antibiotic resistance and genotyping of -positive methicillin-resistant (MRSA) from milk and nasal carriage of dairy water buffaloes () in the Philippines.

Objective: Mastitis is considered as an economically important disease of dairy buffaloes in Asia. This study examined the mastitis milk and nasal swab samples for the detection and genotyping of methicillin-resistant (MRSA) in water buffaloes.

Materials And Methods: was identified based on biochemical tests and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) detection of gene, whereas MRSA on gene.

Molecular characterization of MHC II DRB3 gene of swamp- and riverine-type water buffaloes.

Objective: Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a set of molecular proteins on the surface of antigen presenting cells encoded by a large gene family which are important parts of the immune system. This study was conducted to convey information on the genetic characteristics of the MHC II DRB3 gene in riverine and swamp buffaloes.

Materials And Methods: Characterization of MHC II DRB3 gene was carried out using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay.

Anthelmintic effect of betel nut () and neem () extract against liver fluke ( spp.).

Objective: This study aimed to measure the anthelmintic effects of betel nut () and neem () leaf extracts against spp. in comparison with the commercial dewormer, Albendazole, and the negative control, nutrient broth. The study determined the extract concentration that produced the highest efficacy based on the average recorded mean motility time, gross, and microscopic changes of the flukes treated with different concentrations of plant extracts.

Evaluation of LAMP for detection and/or screening of spp. infection among domestic animals in the Philippines.

Objective: This study assessed the applicability of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for the detection of leptospirosis among domesticated animals and sewage rats. Specifically, it evaluated the ability of LAMP to amplify spp. targeting the 16s rRNA gene in boiled urine samples.

Comparative molecular characterization of Forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3) gene of swamp-type (Bubalus carabanensis) and riverine-type (Bubalus bubalis) water buffaloes.

FoxP3 is a forkhead family member that plays an important role in the development and function of a type of CD4 + T cell called T regulatory cells. Molecular characterization of FoxP3 gene in swamp- and riverine-type water buffaloes was conducted to determine its homology and compare it to the FoxP3 gene of other animal species (cattle, goat, sheep, horse, pig, cat, and dog), determine its unique characteristics in water buffaloes, and provide a reference for future studies to analyze its immunological function. FoxP3 nucleotide sequence of swamp- and riverine-type water buffaloes was 99% identical, whereas its protein translation revealed 97% homology.

Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum DNA in fecal samples of infected cattle (Bos indicus) and water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in the Philippines using loop mediated isothermal amplification method.

Fecal DNA samples from 17 cattle and 38 water buffaloes found to be infected with Cryptosporidium oocysts using Kinyoun acid fast stain from a previous study, were subjected to loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay using specific primers for Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) from three municipalities, Maria, Baler and San Luis of the province of Aurora in the Philippines. Results of the fecalysis using Kinyoun acid fast stain and LAMP assay were compared with the PCR results of the examined farmer/owner who raised these animals to determine the possible zoonoses of C.

Characterization of drug resistance-associated TevAT1 gene of Trypanosoma evansi from Philippine water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis).

This study detected and characterized the TevAT1 gene of Trypanosoma evansi isolates from Philippine water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). A total of 68 blood samples from Philippine water buffaloes were subjected to DNA extraction and PCR assay was performed using RoTat 1.2 gene to detect T.

Serological and molecular evaluation of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) infecting riverine-type water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in the Philippines.

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of Johne's disease and a possible cause of Crohn's disease in humans. A total of 70 blood and fecal samples were collected from water buffaloes in selected municipalities of Nueva Ecija for ELISA and qPCR assay.

Molecular detection of ephemeral fever virus among large ruminants in the Philippines.

In the Philippines, bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) is currently undetected and considered as an exotic disease of both cattle and water buffaloes. The Philippines until now has no official data regarding the occurrence of BEF. There were no existing control programs or vaccine used for the prevention of the disease.

Characterisation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus isolates during the 2014-2015 outbreak in the Philippines.

The viral agent of the porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) was investigated during the reported 2014-2015 outbreaks in commercial farms in Central Luzon, Philippines. The study covered detection of PED virus (PEDV) in fecal and intestinal samples through reverse transcription PCR and sequence analysis of the nucleocapsid (N) gene. Results showed that 10 out of 34 fecal and intestinal samples examined were positive for PEDV.

Molecular identification of Buxtonella sulcata from associated-diarrhea in water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in the Philippines.

Sixty suspected protozoan oocysts were demonstrated from 260 fecal samples collected from water buffaloes aged one month to seven years old with clinical signs of diarrhea in four provinces in the Philippines after conventional methods of isolation, sporulation, morphological characteristics and Kinyoun Acid Fast Staining techniques. The recovered protozoan oocysts were subjected to molecular analysis. Amplification of DNA extracted from recovered Eimeria oocysts using universal primers for the ITS-1 region of 18S rRNA revealed PCR products with 348 bp size demonstrated by samples collected from Benguet, La Union and Nueva Ecija provinces in the Philippines while DNA extracted from oocysts of suspected Cryptosporidium spp.

Screening of Pig (Sus scrofa) Bactericidal Permeability-Increasing Protein (BPI) Gene as Marker for Disease Resistance.

Salmonella infection can cause septicemia, acute or chronic enteritis and wasting in weaned pigs, but may occur in other age groups. The bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) gene plays an important role in the natural defense of the host and is found to be associated with resistance/susceptibility to Salmonella infection and identified as a candidate gene for disease resistance breeding in pig. This study was conducted to screen the resistance and/or susceptibility of pigs to Salmonella infection, to determine the genotype and evaluate presence of resistant allele of the BPI gene in population of pigs, and to establish genetic data for pig breeders for the improvement of Philippine pig industry.

Prevalence of babesiosis (Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina) in cattle and water buffalo in Nueva Ecija, Philippines using Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction.

The study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina infection in blood samples of cattle and water buffaloes using nested polymerase chain reaction (nested-PCR). It also aimed to generate a spot map showing areas in Nueva Ecija, the Philippines where B. bovis and B.

Gold nanoparticle-based probes for the colorimetric detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis DNA.

Gold nanoparticle (AuNP) is considered to be the most stable metal nanoparticle having the ability to be functionalized with biomolecules. Recently, AuNP-based DNA detection methods captured the interest of researchers worldwide. Paratuberculosis or Johne's disease, a chronic gastroenteritis in ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp.

Development and validation of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for the detection of Mycoplasma bovis in mastitic milk.

Mycoplasma mastitis is often difficult to control due to a lack of rapid and accurate diagnostic tools. The aim of the current study was to develop a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the detection of Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) in mastitic milk.