Malformation of stapes in VACTERLS association: a histopathologic study and three-dimensional reconstruction.

Objective: To investigate the temporal bone with a malformed stapes in VACTERLS association.

Study Design: The study design was a case report, histopathology of the temporal bone, and three-dimensional reconstruction of the ossicles and cochlea.

Setting: The study was carried out in the Temporal Bone Bank at Charles University, Hradec Králové, on a case from Temporal Bone Foundation, Boston.