Basic Science and Pathogenesis.

Background: Primary cilia are solitary membrane-bound organelles emanating from the apical surface of most mammalian cells. They serve as sensory organelles sampling the extracellular environment and reprogramming the transcriptional machinery in response to changes in fluid flow. Ciliopathies, a group of genetic disorders characterized by disrupted cilia structure and/or function, share common phenotypes such as vascular dysfunction and cognitive impairment.

COVID-19 and Neurological Manifestations.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a newly emerged coronavirus, has sparked a global pandemic with its airborne transmission and ability to infect with asymptomatic patients. The pathophysiology is thought to relate to the binding of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors in the body. These receptors are widely expressed in various body organs such as the lungs, the heart, the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), and the brain.