A national audit of the management of HIV-2 in adults in the UK.

Background: HIV-2 is rare in the UK. Many UK centres therefore only treat small numbers of people and there are few clinical trials to guide treatment. The British HIV Association (BHIVA) 2010 guidelines for management of HIV-2 formed the basis for this national audit, which aims to describe current practice and adherence to guidelines.

Incidence of and risk factors for tuberculosis among people with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in the United Kingdom.

Objective: The United Kingdom has a low tuberculosis incidence and earlier combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is expected to have reduced incidence among people with HIV. Epidemiological patterns and risk factors for active tuberculosis were analysed over a 20-year period among people accessing HIV care at sites participating in the UK CHIC observational study.

Design: Cohort analysis.

Evaluating cabotegravir/rilpivirine long-acting, injectable in the treatment of HIV infection: emerging data and therapeutic potential.

Cabotegravir and rilpivirine long-acting injectable antiretroviral therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection brings promise of a new mode of delivery and potential solutions to some problems of oral therapy, but also new challenges and unanswered questions. Adding to the increasing body of evidence for newer two-drug combinations, phase II and phase III trial data to date demonstrate cabotegravir and rilpivirine combination injectable therapy to be non-inferior to selected oral triple-therapy alternatives. Most importantly, this therapy is reported to be acceptable to individuals taking the 4-weekly or 8-weekly injections, despite frequent injection-site reactions.

Brief Report: The Effect of Antiretroviral Therapy and CD4 Count on Markers of Infectiousness in HIV-Associated Tuberculosis.

Clinical features of tuberculosis influence infectiousness. This cross-sectional study examined the effect of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and CD4 on sputum smear-positivity (SS+) and pulmonary cavitation among 1589 (1185/1589 HIV-positive) miners in South Africa. Proportions SS+ varied nonlinearly by CD4 with greatest proportions SS+ (55.

Raised Venous Lactate and Markers of Intestinal Translocation Are Associated With Mortality Among In-Patients With HIV-Associated TB in Rural South Africa.

Introduction: Case fatality among in-patients with HIV-associated tuberculosis (HIV-TB) in Africa is high. We investigated the factors associated with mortality in a rural South African hospital.

Methods: This was a prospective observational study of HIV-TB in-patients, with death by 8 weeks the endpoint.

Clinical Relevance of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Isolated from Sputum in a Gold Mining Workforce in South Africa: An Observational, Clinical Study.

Background: The clinical relevance of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), detected by liquid more than solid culture in sputum specimens from a South African mining workforce, is uncertain. We aimed to describe the current spectrum and relevance of NTM in this population.

Methods: An observational study including individuals with sputum NTM isolates, recruited at workforce tuberculosis screening and routine clinics.

Adverse events with isoniazid preventive therapy: experience from a large trial.

Objectives: We describe isoniazid-related adverse events in Thibela TB, a cluster-randomized study of community-wide isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) among gold miners in South Africa, where HIV prevalence is estimated at 30%.

Methods: Consenting employees were screened prior to IPT for active tuberculosis and increased risk of isoniazid toxicity using a questionnaire and chest radiograph. Study-defined IPT-related adverse events were sought at each study visit: liver function tests were only performed if clinically indicated.

Tuberculosis outcomes and drug susceptibility in individuals exposed to isoniazid preventive therapy in a high HIV prevalence setting.

Objective: Despite World Health Organization recommendations, concerns about promoting resistance have impeded implementation of isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) for tuberculosis (TB). We describe characteristics of TB in individuals previously exposed to IPT as part of 'Thibela TB', a cluster-randomized trial of community-wide IPT in gold miners in South Africa.

Design: Case series including participants who were dispensed IPT, attended at least one follow-up visit and were subsequently treated for TB.