Using a pragmatically adapted, low-cost contingency management intervention to promote heroin abstinence in individuals undergoing treatment for heroin use disorder in UK drug services (PRAISE): a cluster randomised trial.

Introduction: Most individuals treated for heroin use disorder receive opioid agonist treatment (OAT)(methadone or buprenorphine). However, OAT is associated with high attrition and persistent, occasional heroin use. There is some evidence for the effectiveness of contingency management (CM), a behavioural intervention involving modest financial incentives, in encouraging drug abstinence when applied adjunctively with OAT.

Twenty years of International Council of Ophthalmology fellowships: description of the programme and the impact on more than 1100 awardees.

Background/aims: The International Council of Ophthalmology (ICO) offers fellowship programmes to help young ophthalmologists, mainly from low-resource countries, improve their practical or research skills in ophthalmology subspecialty areas. Using questionnaires, the objective of the present study was to evaluate how the ICO Fellowship Programme has impacted on improving knowledge, skills and the careers of young ophthalmologists from low-resource countries.

Methods: From 2001 to 2019 overall 1140 ICO fellowships were awarded.

Prevalence and severity of diabetic retinopathy in patients attending the endocrinology diabetes clinic at Mulago Hospital in Uganda.

Aims: The epidemiology for diabetic retinopathy (DR) has been well described in the western population. Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa have attempted to identify the prevalence of diabetic eye disease, however, there still remains a degree of paucity across the continent due to inadequacy in health system organisations and resource poor settings. We aimed to identify the severity and prevalence of DR and maculopathy of patients attending the diabetes clinic at Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda.

Testing an aetiological model of visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease.

The exact pathogenesis of visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease is not known but an integrated model has been proposed that includes impaired visual input and central visual processing, impaired brainstem regulation of sleep-wake cycle with fluctuating vigilance, intrusion of rapid eye movement dream imagery into wakefulness and emergence of internally generated imagery, cognitive dysfunction and influence of dopaminergic drugs. In a clinical study, we assessed motor and non-motor function, including sleep, mood, autonomic and global, frontal and visuoperceptive cognitive function in patients with and without visual hallucinations. A subgroup of patients underwent detailed ophthalmological assessment.

Ocular presentations of breast cancer.

Context: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women, with increasing incidence in Europe and North America. The frequency of involvement of the eye and visual pathways is reported to be as high as 30% in patients with known metastatic disease. In some cases, ophthalmic involvement can be the first sign of metastatic spread.

Ocular manifestations of Fabry's disease: data from the Fabry Outcome Survey.

Background: Fabry's disease is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder characterised by deficient activity of the enzyme alpha-galactosidase A.

Aim: To study eye abnormalities in patients with Fabry's disease in the Fabry Outcome Survey (FOS).

Methods: This is the largest study of ocular manifestations in patients with Fabry's disease.