Selective degradation of phage RNAs by the Csm6 ribonuclease provides robust type III CRISPR immunity in Streptococcus thermophilus.

Type III CRISPR immune systems bind viral or plasmid RNA transcripts and activate Csm3/Cmr4 and Cas10 nucleases to uniquely cleave both invader RNA and DNA, respectively. Additionally, type III effector complexes generate cyclic oligoadenylate (cOA) signaling molecules to activate trans-acting, auxiliary Csm6/Csx1 ribonucleases, previously proposed to be non-specific in their in vivo RNA cleavage preference. Despite extensive in vitro studies, the nuclease requirements of type III systems in their native contexts remain poorly understood.

Classifying the non-metabolic demands of different physical activity types: The Physical Activity Demand (PAD) typology.

Different physical activity types vary in metabolic demand (intensity), but also in non-metabolic physical demand (balance, co-ordination, speed and flexibility), cognitive demand (attention, memory and decision making), and social demand (social interaction). Activity types with different combinations of demands may have different effects on health outcomes but this cannot be formally tested until such demands can be reliably quantified. The present Delphi expert consensus study aimed to objectively quantify the cognitive, physical and social demands of different core physical activity types and use these scores to create a formal Physical Activity Demand (PAD) typology.

The nature of anger in people with multiple sclerosis: a qualitative study.

People with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) who experience higher levels of anger also report poorer quality of life (QoL). This qualitative study explored the subjective experience of anger amongst pwMS, and how anger influenced their lives. A series of semi-structured, face-to-face interviews were conducted with 20 pwMS.

Effect of Different Types of Physical Activity on Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Physical activity is associated with greater independence in old age. However, little is known about the effect of physical activity level and activity type on activities of daily living (ADL). This review systematically analyzed the effects of physical activity level and activity type on ADL in older adults (mean age, 60+).

The role of emotion regulation on social participation following stroke.

Unlabelled: Following stroke, individuals often experience reduced social participation, regardless of physical limitations. Impairments may also occur in a range of cognitive and emotional functions. Successful emotion regulation, which has been identified as important in psychological adaptation to chronic illness, is associated with better perceived psychological well-being and social functioning.

Links between emotion perception and social participation restriction following stroke.

Objectives: Stroke can cause impairment in emotion perception, but the social consequences of these problems have not been explored to date. In a group of patients with stroke, this study investigated whether difficulties in emotion perception related to social participation and quality-of-life. It also assessed whether these relationships remained significant when controlling for activity limitations.

8p23.1 duplication syndrome differentiated from copy number variation of the defensin cluster at prenatal diagnosis in four new families.

Background: The 8p23.1 duplication syndrome and copy number variation of the 8p23.1 defensin gene cluster are cytogenetically indistinguishable but distinct at the molecular level.