Anatomic and neurochemical analysis of the palpal olfactory system in the red flour beetle , HERBST.

The paired antennal lobes were long considered the sole primary processing centers of the olfactory pathway in holometabolous insects receiving input from the olfactory sensory neurons of the antennae and mouthparts. In hemimetabolous insects, however, olfactory cues of the antennae and palps are processed separately. For the holometabolous red flour beetle , we could show that primary processing of the palpal and antennal olfactory input also occurs separately and at distinct neuronal centers.