Ex vivo comparison of pin placement with patient-specific drill guides or freehand technique in canine cadaveric spines.

Objective: To compare vertebral implant placement in the canine thoracolumbar spine between 3D-printed patient-specific drill guides (3DPG) and the conventional freehand technique (FH).

Study Design: Ex vivo study.

Animals: Cadaveric canine spines (n = 24).