Management of life-threatening malignant central airway obstruction: A novel approach of using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with tumor debulking and stenting.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is an artificial lung or heart used to oxygenate and circulate blood. Veno-venous ECMO is most commonly used as an emergency therapy in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), but it has the potential to be useful in other respiratory-related diseases. We report a case where ECMO successfully allowed for interventional pulmonary procedures in a patient with life-threatening tracheal obstruction secondary to lung cancer, requiring tumor debulking and silicone Y stent placement.

Arginine vasotocin affects motivation to call, but not calling plasticity, in Cope's gray treefrog Hyla chrysoscelis.

The ability to respond to competition is critical for social behaviors involved in mating, territoriality and foraging. Physiological mechanisms of competitive social behaviors may determine not only baseline behavior, but possibly also the plasticity of the response to competition. We examined the effects of the neuropeptide arginine vasotocin (AVT), which is implicated in social behavior in non-mammalian vertebrates, on both spontaneous acoustic advertisement calling behavior and the plastic response to a simulated competitive challenge in Cope's gray treefrogs, Hyla chrysoscelis.

Gastrointestinal tract antigenic profile of cotton-top tamarin, Saguinus oedipus, is similar to that of humans with inflammatory bowel disease.

As an animal model for human inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer, the cotton-top tamarin remains controversial. Demonstration of antigenic similarity to the human would enhance its validity. Using colonic extracts and washings, we compared binding of seven monoclonal antibodies reactive with bowel and cancer antigens in both tamarins and humans with inflammatory bowel disease.

Carcinoembryonic antigen family of adhesion molecules in the cotton top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus).

Humans and the cotton top tamarin, a model for colitis and colorectal cancer, share carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) moieties. We quantified CEA in colonic washings and extracts in both, and CEA bands were confirmed by Western blot. We compared CEA-family expression in tissues and serum in the tamarin with that of the common marmoset, which develops colitis but not cancer.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Trichospirura leptostoma Infection in Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus).

Trichospirura leptostoma is a spirurid nematode that inhabits the pancreatic ducts of the common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus, and other New World primates. This parasite was diagnosed in members of this species at the Marmoset Research Center in Oak Ridge, Tennessee colony after their importation from multiple colonies outside the United States. Animals with few parasites in the pancreas had few tissue changes, whereas those with many parasites had moderate to severe fibrosis replacing exocrine tissue.

Oral efficacy of a leukotriene B4 receptor antagonist in colitic cotton-top tamarins.

Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a potent neutrophil activator and chemotaxin that is present in increased concentrations in the colonic tissue and rectal dialysates of acute ulcerative colitis patients. Cotton-top tamarins (CTTs) with confirmed active colitis were treated with the second generation LTB4 receptor antagonist, SC-53228 ((+)-(S)-7-[3-(2-cyclopropyl-methyl)-3-methoxy-4-[(methylamino) carbonyl]phenoxy]propoxy]-3,4-dihydro-8-propyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2- propanoic acid), 20 mg/kg bodyweight by gavage, twice daily for 56 days. End points were body weights, stool consistency, colonic endoscopy, assay of inflammatory mediators, and haematology and clinical chemistry tests.

A putative CEA moiety is shared by the cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) and humans.

CEA-like molecules immunologically distinct from those in humans have been described in non-human primates. These primates do not share the human predilection for colitis and subsequent development of colorectal cancer. CEA expression has not been fully evaluated in a lower-order primate, the cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus), an animal model for colitis and colorectal cancer.

Genetic epidemiology of colon cancer in the cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus).

Colon cancer is known to be heritable in humans, but the opportunity to investigate the genetic epidemiology of cancer in nonhuman primates has been limited by the size of available populations. The cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) colony at the Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU) Marmoset Research Center is a large population with a high rate of spontaneous colon cancer that has been monitored over several years, thus allowing investigation of the genetic basis for colon cancer in this colony. The presence of colon cancer at death was scored in 392 necropsies at the colony.

Inflammatory mediator changes in cotton-top tamarins (CTT) after SC-41930 anti-colitic therapy.

Use of the CTT model provides insight into the inflammatory mediator contribution in the pathogenesis of idiopathic colitis. To evaluate anti-colitic efficacy, the leukotriene B4 receptor antagonist and anti-inflammatory agent, SC-41930, was administered (10 mg/kg BW by gavage BID) for 8 weeks to CTTs with histologically confirmed persistent and defined active colitis. The inflammatory mediators LTB4, PGE2, TXB2, and PAF were assayed in colonic dialysate that was collected after 1 1/2 h from four CTTs pre-, mid-, and post-treatment, frozen at -70 degrees C, and analyzed by RIA after HPLC purification.

Anti-colitic efficacy of SC-41930 in colitic cotton-top tamarins.

To evaluate anti-colitic efficacy, eight cotton-top tamarins (CTTs) with histologically confirmed persistent active colitis were given the anti-inflammatory agent SC-41930 (10 mg/kg BW by gavage BID) for eight weeks. Colonic endoscopy and biopsy observations, CBCs and clinical chemistries, and stool consistency were evaluated pre-, mid-, and posttreatment. Colitic activity was graded histologically from A1 (mild) to A5 (severe); results varied among the seven animals that completed the study: five improved, one worsened, and one was unchanged.

Mr 40,000 human colonic epithelial protein expression in colonic mucosa and presence of circulating anti-Mr 40,000 antibodies in cotton top tamarins with spontaneous colitis.

Saguinus oedipus, Callithrix jacchus, and Saguinus fuscicollis are three species of New World monkeys which develop a form of colitis that is similar to human ulcerative colitis. Only S oedipus, however, develop colon cancer. We examined intestinal tissues from these animals for the presence of an antigen cross reacting to the Mr 40,000 human colonic epithelial protein that acts as an autoantigen in ulcerative colitis.

Inflammatory mediators in cotton-top tamarins (CTT) with acute and chronic colitis.

Spontaneous colitis in CTT's presents cytological characteristics similar to chronic ulcerative colitis in humans, e.g. inflammatory cell infiltrate and crypt abscesses.

Analysis of T lymphocyte subsets in tamarins with colitis and colon cancer.

The cotton-top tamarin, Saguinus oedipus, serves as an animal model for the study of human colon cancer. This New World monkey has a high incidence of colitis and colon cancer that develops spontaneously. Evidence suggests that these diseases may be the result of a virally induced immunodeficiency.

Maintenance of cotton-top tamarins fed an experimental pelleted diet versus a highly diverse sweetened diet.

The future study of colon disease in captive callitrichid colonies may require manipulation of diets. The limited knowledge of the nutritional requirements for these species and the varied diets and supplementations fed to these animals in various colonies suggest the importance of testing the palatability and acceptability of diets for these primates. Individually housed cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) were given either the regular Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU) diet (monkey chow slurry, canned diet and supplements), a similar slurry using an experimental natural ingredient diet plus supplements, or the experimental diet without supplements.

Colon cancer cells in peripheral blood of cancerous tamarins.

Diagnosing colon cancer in its early stages would lower the mortality rate. The cotton-top tamarin, Saguinus oedipus, serves as a model for the study of human colon cancer. This New World monkey has a high incidence of colitis and colon cancer.

Effect of various biological factors on spontaneous marmoset and tamarin colitis. A retrospective histopathologic study.

Histological sections of colons from 69 tamarins (46 Saguinus oedipus and 23 Saguinus fuscicollis illigeri) and 27 marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) that died between 1979 and 1984 were examined for colitis. Evaluated biological factors were species, age at death, source of animals, manner of death, presence of colon cancer, and time after importation. Most normal colons were found in young animals (dead at less than 1 years of age).

Visualization and biopsy of the colon in tamarins and marmosets by endoscopy.

Endoscopic visualization and biopsy have been performed under anesthesia in more than 65 tamarins and marmosets to study the pathogenesis of colitis and cancer of the colon. This procedure allows examination of the large bowel from the anus to the cecum and has been repeated at 2-6 month intervals with few complications. However, care must be exercised not to perforate the colon.

Glycoconjugates in the colons of New World monkeys with spontaneous colitis. Association between inflammation and neoplasia.

A spontaneously occurring experimental model of chronic colitis has been described in three closely related species of New World monkeys. One species, Saguinus oedipus oedipus, has the additional feature of developing adenocarcinoma of the colon in this setting. Pathological and lectin histochemistry studies were undertaken in 50 such colonic specimens to determine if pathological or histochemical features were associated with the concomitant development of cancer.

Effects of chronic topical application of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate on the skin and internal organs of SENCAR mice.

Repetitive topical applications of 2 micrograms 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) twice weekly for 37 to 52 weeks induced a sustained epidermal hyperplasia, hyperplasia of hair follicles, and increased dermal cellularity in SENCAR mice. In addition, after 52 weeks of protracted promoter treatment most animals developed generalized amyloidosis involving liver and spleen, as well as interstitial nephritis. Severe pyelonephritis and papillary necrosis were also frequently seen.

Patterns of cell proliferation during recovery from oxygen injury. Species differences.

Do rats, mice, hamsters, and marmosets respond differently to acute lung injury? Animals of each species were exposed to 100% oxygen for 48 h, then osmotic pumps, which released 3H-thymidine for a 1-wk period, were implanted. The labeling index (LI) (cells labeled/total cells counted) was increased in all 4 species. Repair in rats was manifested by a high LI, dominated by endothelial cell proliferation.

Breeding performance of captive-born cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) females: Proposed explanations for colony differences.

Successful breeding by captive-born Saguinus oedipus females has now been reported from several colonies, but a marked parity effect (ie, differences in infant survival with the number of litters produced) is usually observed; survival of infants of primiparous females is extremely low but increases with subsequent litters. This parity effect was not observed in the captive-born breeding females in the Oak Ridge Associated Universities colony, with survival of offspring of primiparous females at 58.6%.