Aiding Transformation from Student to Practitioner by Defining Threshold Concepts for the Pharmacists' Patient Care Process.

To explore critical milestones in the transition from student to practitioner by identifying the threshold concepts associated with learning the Pharmacists' Patient Care Process (PPCP). A threshold concept represents a transformed way of thinking about a topic or discipline. This study convened five focus groups to identify possible threshold concepts related to learning the PPCP.

Supporting formative peer review of clinical teaching through a focus on process.

Background: The professional need for development of clinical faculty is clear. Previous scholarship provides insight into the formative potential of peer review in both didactic and experiential settings. Less information exists on a comprehensive peer review process (PRP) designed to support faculty change.

Using peer teaching to introduce the Pharmaceutical Care Model to incoming pharmacy students.

Background: The aim of this initiative was to design and evaluate a peer teaching activity where pairs of second-year pharmacy students introduced the Pharmaceutical Care Model and discussed success in the broader first-year pharmacy curriculum with pairs of first year students.

Educational Activity: Second-year pharmacy students individually created concept maps illustrating the main components of pharmaceutical care to be used as teaching tools with first-year students. First-year students were given a brief introduction to pharmaceutical care by faculty and prepared questions to ask their second-year colleagues.

Experience with the script concordance test to develop clinical reasoning skills in pharmacy students.

Background: The script concordance test (SCT) is used to assess clinical reasoning and was originally developed for medical learners. The Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) endorses the need for pharmacy students to develop clinical reasoning skills, but there is little documentation of use of the SCT for pharmacy learners.

Educational Activity: A script concordance test activity was designed for a diabetes and metabolic syndrome pharmacotherapy course.

Assessing Emotionally Intelligent Leadership in Pharmacy Students.

To determine the frequency distribution of pharmacy students across Emotionally Intelligent Leadership Inventory (EILI) measures. The EILI was administered to 235 pharmacy students at two schools. The instrument was systematically compared to the 2013 CAPE Outcomes and analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis.

A Five-Year Evaluation of Examination Structure in a Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy Course.

Objective. To evaluate the composition and effectiveness as an assessment tool of a criterion-referenced examination comprised of clinical cases tied to practice decisions, to examine the effect of varying audience response system (ARS) questions on student examination preparation, and to articulate guidelines for structuring examinations to maximize evaluation of student learning. Design.

Development and Validation of a Patient Satisfaction Survey for Comprehensive Medication Management.

Background: Comprehensive medication management (CMM) services are a relatively new standard for clinical practice. A patient satisfaction tool for pharmacists providing comparable pharmacy services is essential for measuring quality and sustainability.

Objective: To develop a psychometrically valid questionnaire for measuring patient satisfaction for CMM services.

Tracking Patient Encounters and Clinical Skills to Determine Competency in Ambulatory Care Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experiences.

Objective: To determine if the amount of exposure to patient encounters and clinical skills correlates to student clinical competency on ambulatory care advanced pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs).

Design: Students in ambulatory care APPEs tracked the number of patients encountered by medical condition and the number of patient care skills performed. At the end of the APPE, preceptors evaluated students' competency for each medical condition and skill, referencing the Dreyfus model for skill acquisition.