Nephrotic syndrome in infants and children: pathophysiology and management.

Nephrotic syndrome is defined by nephrotic-range proteinuria (≥40 mg/m/hour or urine protein/creatinine ratio ≥200 mg/mL or 3+ protein on urine dipstick), hypoalbuminaemia (<25 g/L) and oedema. This review focuses on the classification, epidemiology, pathophysiology, management strategies and prognosis of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome of childhood, and includes a brief overview of the congenital forms.

Hypertension in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease: management challenges.

In contrast to adults where hypertension is a leading cause of chronic kidney disease, in pediatrics, hypertension is predominantly a sequela, however, an important one that, like in adults, is likely associated with a more rapid decline in kidney function or progression of chronic kidney disease to end stage. There is a significant issue with unrecognized, or masked, hypertension in childhood chronic kidney disease. Recent evidence and, therefore, guidelines now suggest targeting a blood pressure of <50th percentile for age, sex, and height in children with proteinuria and chronic kidney disease.

Measuring hemoglobin prior to early discharge without routine surveillance ultrasound after percutaneous native renal biopsy in children.

Background: We aimed to evaluate the role of post-procedural hemoglobin (hb), without pre-discharge ultrasound (US), after US-guided renal biopsy in children.

Methods: A retrospective review was conducted of consecutive outpatient native kidney biopsies over an 8-year period. Procedures were performed under real-time US guidance.