Palmer Station, Antarctica: A ground-based spaceflight analog suitable for validation of biomedical countermeasures for deep space missions.

Astronauts are known to exhibit a variety of immunological alterations during spaceflight including changes in leukocyte distribution and plasma cytokine concentrations, a reduction in T-cell function, and subclinical reactivation of latent herpesviruses. These alterations are most likely due to mission-associated stressors including circadian misalignment, microgravity, isolation, altered nutrition, and increased exposure to cosmic radiation. Some of these stressors may also occur in terrestrial situations.

Health Mindsets in Pediatric Chronic Headache.

Objective: Given how frequently youth with chronic headache and migraine experience setbacks in treatment, identifying factors that promote coping and resilience is critical. Mindsets have gained attention as predictors of behavior and targets of intervention across contexts, including health. Health mindsets may help to explain how children with chronic pain interpret and respond to treatment.

Prescription and Prescriber Specialty Characteristics of Initial Opioid Prescriptions Associated with Chronic Use.

Objective: This study evaluated the characteristics of opioid prescriptions, including prescriber specialty, given to opioid-naïve patients and their association with chronic use.

Design: Cross-sectional analysis of the Ohio prescription drug monitoring program from January 2010 to November 2017.

Setting: Ohio, USA.

Association Between Emergency Physician Length of Stay Rankings and Patient Characteristics.

Objective: Emergency physicians are commonly compared by their patients' length of stay (LOS). We test the hypothesis that LOS is associated with patient characteristics and that accounting for these features impacts physician LOS rankings.

Methods: This was a retrospective observational study of all encounters at an emergency department in 2010 to 2015.

Association of Clinical Characteristics With Variation in Emergency Physician Preferences for Patients.

Importance: Much of the wide variation in health care has been associated with practice variation among physicians. Physicians choosing to see patients with more (or fewer) care needs could also produce variations in care observed across physicians.

Objective: To quantify emergency physician preferences by measuring nonrandom variations in patients they choose to see.

Identification of Racial Inequities in Access to Specialized Inpatient Heart Failure Care at an Academic Medical Center.

Background: Racial inequities for patients with heart failure (HF) have been widely documented. HF patients who receive cardiology care during a hospital admission have better outcomes. It is unknown whether there are differences in admission to a cardiology or general medicine service by race.

Developing metrics for emergency care research in low- and middle-income countries.

Introduction: There is little research on emergency care delivery in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). To facilitate future research, we aimed to assess the set of key metrics currently used by researchers in these settings and to propose a set of standard metrics to facilitate future research.

Methods: Systematic literature review of 43,109 published reports on general emergency care from 139 LMICs.

Burden of emergency conditions and emergency care usage: new estimates from 40 countries.

Objective: To estimate the global and national burden of emergency conditions, and compare them to emergency care usage rates.

Methods: We coded all 291 Global Burden of Disease 2010 conditions into three categories to estimate emergency burden: conditions that, if not addressed within hours to days of onset, commonly lead to serious disability or death; conditions with common acute decompensations that lead to serious disability or death; and non-emergencies. Emergency care usage rates were obtained from a systematic literature review on emergency care facilities in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), supplemented by national health system reports.

Children successfully treated for moderate acute malnutrition remain at risk for malnutrition and death in the subsequent year after recovery.

Moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) affects 11% of children <5 y old worldwide and increases their risk for morbidity and mortality. It is assumed that successful treatment of MAM reduces these risks. A total of 1967 children aged 6-59 mo successfully treated for MAM in rural Malawi following randomized treatment with corn-soy blend plus milk and oil (CSB++), soy ready-to-use supplementary food (RUSF), or soy/whey RUSF were followed for 12 mo.

Densely interconnected transcriptional circuits control cell states in human hematopoiesis.

Though many individual transcription factors are known to regulate hematopoietic differentiation, major aspects of the global architecture of hematopoiesis remain unknown. Here, we profiled gene expression in 38 distinct purified populations of human hematopoietic cells and used probabilistic models of gene expression and analysis of cis-elements in gene promoters to decipher the general organization of their regulatory circuitry. We identified modules of highly coexpressed genes, some of which are restricted to a single lineage but most of which are expressed at variable levels across multiple lineages.

Chemical genetic strategy identifies histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and HDAC2 as therapeutic targets in sickle cell disease.

The worldwide burden of sickle cell disease is enormous, with over 200,000 infants born with the disease each year in Africa alone. Induction of fetal hemoglobin is a validated strategy to improve symptoms and complications of this disease. The development of targeted therapies has been limited by the absence of discrete druggable targets.

Identification of RPS14 as a 5q- syndrome gene by RNA interference screen.

Somatic chromosomal deletions in cancer are thought to indicate the location of tumour suppressor genes, by which a complete loss of gene function occurs through biallelic deletion, point mutation or epigenetic silencing, thus fulfilling Knudson's two-hit hypothesis. In many recurrent deletions, however, such biallelic inactivation has not been found. One prominent example is the 5q- syndrome, a subtype of myelodysplastic syndrome characterized by a defect in erythroid differentiation.

Cytologic features and diagnostic pitfalls of primary ampullary tumors by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy.

Background: Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (EUS-guided FNAB) is highly sensitive and specific in cytologic diagnosis and clinical staging of malignant neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, liver, and lymph nodes. However, no study has been performed to evaluate its accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and the cytomorphologic features of suspected primary ampullary tumors.

Methods: All EUS-guided FNABs of suspected primary ampullary lesions at the University of California Irvine Medical Center (Orange, CA) from January 1998 to September 2004 were retrospectively retrieved.