Building a dynamic adaptational process theory of resilience (ADAPTOR): Stress exposure, reserve capacity, adaptation, and consequence.

A Dynamic Adaptational Process Theory of Resilience (ADAPTOR) incorporates a synchronistic interplay of reserve capacity, adaptation, and consequences in the context of the larger exposome. This conceptualization of resilience centers on the argument that individuals can "build" resilience by drawing upon their various reserve capacities to effectively adapt to challenging contextual factors, and that this process has long-term consequences for health and wellness trajectories. These theoretical arguments were tested using the Notre Dame Study of Health & Well-Being-COVID Study, which is a multitimescale, longitudinal study of data collected from September 2020 through February 2022.

The Bayesian reservoir model of psychological regulation.

Social and behavioral scientists are increasingly interested the dynamics of the processes they study. Despite the wide array of processes studied, a fairly narrow set of models are applied to characterize dynamics within these processes. For social and behavioral research to take the next step in modeling dynamics, a wider variety of models need to be considered.

Religiosity and Spirituality Development: An Accelerated Longitudinal Design.

Background And Objectives: The central aim of the present study was to model developmental trends in communal and independent religious practices, spirituality, positive and negative religious/spiritual coping, as well as their confluence, across ages 45-80.

Research Design And Methods: Participants derived from the Notre Dame Study of Health & Well-being (NDHWB), a longitudinal study spanning 10 years in an age-heterogeneous sample. Using 2-level multilevel models, we estimated no change, linear change, quadratic change, and cubic change functions across ages 45-80 in each construct.

An overview of the resilience world: Proceedings of the American Geriatrics Society and National Institute on Aging State of Resilience Science Conference.

Resilience, which relates to one's ability to respond to stressors, typically declines with age and the development of comorbid conditions in older organisms. Although progress has been made to improve our understanding of resilience in older adults, disciplines have employed different frameworks and definitions to study various aspects of older adults' response to acute or chronic stressors. "Overview of the Resilience World: State of the Science," a bench-to-bedside conference on October 12-13, 2022, was sponsored by the American Geriatrics Society and National Institute on Aging.

A Note on the Usefulness of Constrained Fourth-Order Latent Differential Equation Models in the Case of Small T.

Constrained fourth-order latent differential equation (FOLDE) models have been proposed (e.g., Boker et al.

Daily Stress Processes in a Pandemic: The Effects of Worry, Age, and Affect.

Background And Objectives: In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) a pandemic. Given that such a global event might affect day-to-day stress processes, the current study examined individuals' daily stress reactivity and its moderators early in the COVID-19 pandemic.

Research Design And Methods: Two-level, multilevel models examined the daily relationship between perceived stress and negative affect, or stress reactivity, as well as the moderating effects of daily pandemic worry, age, and daily positive affect on this process.

Development of Generative Concern Across Mid- to Later Life.

Background And Objectives: The development of generativity, or investment in the next generation, has been theorized about for decades. Extant empirical findings regarding generativity's trajectory, however, are mixed. Thus, the current study modeled the development of generative concern, or the extent to which individuals care for the next generation, across adulthood.

Dynamic Systems, Contextual Influences, and Multiple Timescales: Emotion Regulation as a Resilience Resource.

We need to understand how psychosocial resources develop, identify the influences that threaten their maintenance, detect the circumstances under which these resources are used, and elucidate the factors that support and promote their growth. Three important components to studying the development of resilience include its dynamic nature, context, and timescale of measurement. Dynamic systems (DS) approaches focus on physiological and psychological structures underling the development of resilience by explicitly mapping parameters of change onto their corresponding aspects of functioning.

Future Time Perspective in Mid-to-Later Life: The Role of Personality.

Objectives: Future time perspective (FTP), or the way individuals orient to and consider their futures, is fundamental to motivation and well-being across the life span. There is a relative paucity of studies, however, that explore its contributing factors in mid-to-later life, specifically. Therefore, uncovering which variables contribute to individual differences in FTP, as well as the ways these variables interact, is paramount to developing a strong understanding of this construct during this life-span stage.

Affective experience across the adult lifespan: An accelerated longitudinal design.

Recent research investigating the course of affective development across the adult life span has incorporated both cross-sectional and longitudinal data in analyses to understand the aging-affect relationship. Most of these studies, however, have not provided an empirical test to determine whether the cross-sectional and longitudinal data can be combined to infer developmental processes. Utilizing an age heterogeneous sample followed over a 10-year span (N = 1,019, M = 54.

What You Don't Know Can Hurt You: Missing Data and Partial Credit Model Estimates.

The authors investigated the effect of missing completely at random (MCAR) item responses on partial credit model (PCM) parameter estimates in a longitudinal study of Positive Affect. Participants were 307 adults from the older cohort of the Notre Dame Study of Health and Well-Being (Bergeman and Deboeck, 2014) who completed questionnaires including Positive Affect items for 56 days. Additional missing responses were introduced to the data, randomly replacing 20%, 50%, and 70% of the responses on each item and each day with missing values, in addition to the existing missing data.

The effect of the financial crisis on physical health: Perceived impact matters.

The impact of the financial crisis on health was investigated ( N = 312). Intraindividual intercept, slope, and quadratic parameters capturing trends in income, subjective financial situation, and perceived stress across the period predicted physical health, controlling for baseline health. For those experiencing a decline in financial situation, a decrease in financial situation and an increase in perceived stress predicted poorer health; neither financial situation nor perceived stress predicted health in those not experiencing this decline.

Relationships Among Nightly Sleep Quality, Daily Stress, and Daily Affect.

Objectives.: We explored the prospective, microlevel relationship between nightly sleep quality (SQ) and the subsequent day's stress on positive (PA) and negative affect (NA) as well as the moderating relationships between nightly SQ, subsequent stress, and subsequent PA on NA. We investigated whether age moderated these relationships.

Get Over It! A Multilevel Threshold Autoregressive Model for State-Dependent Affect Regulation.

Intensive longitudinal data provide rich information, which is best captured when specialized models are used in the analysis. One of these models is the multilevel autoregressive model, which psychologists have applied successfully to study affect regulation as well as alcohol use. A limitation of this model is that the autoregressive parameter is treated as a fixed, trait-like property of a person.

Ups and downs of daily life: age effects on the impact of daily appraisal variability on depressive symptoms.

Objectives: Day-to-day variability in appraisals has emerged as an index of emotion regulation and overall well-being; there is also evidence that such emotion regulation processes change with age. We investigate the impact of day-to-day variability in positive and negative event appraisals on depressive symptoms, focusing on (a) how variability and mean appraisal characteristics interact to impact well-being and (b) whether these effects differ by age.

Methods: Participants from the Notre Dame Study of Health & Well-Being (aged 40-75 years, N = 654) completed daily diaries for up to 56 days, along with a global survey.

Combinations of stressors in midlife: examining role and domain stressors using regression trees and random forests.

Objectives: Global perceptions of stress (GPS) have major implications for mental and physical health, and stress in midlife may influence adaptation in later life. Thus, it is important to determine the unique and interactive effects of diverse influences of role stress (at work or in personal relationships), loneliness, life events, time pressure, caregiving, finances, discrimination, and neighborhood circumstances on these GPS.

Method: Exploratory regression trees and random forests were used to examine complex interactions among myriad events and chronic stressors in middle-aged participants' (N = 410; mean age = 52.

Self-reported health bias: the role of daily affective valence and arousal.

Objective: The present study addresses gaps in the literature on affect-biased health perceptions by (a) investigating health bias while considering both valence and arousal components of affect; (b) establishing the presence of, and variability in, affective health bias at the daily level; and (c) exploring daily health bias in a non-clinical, community sample of adults.

Design: Participants were 477 adults (aged 33-80 years) who reported daily health events, health satisfaction and affect for up to 56 days. Health bias was present when the effect of a given day's health events on that day's health satisfaction was significantly moderated by that day's affect.

Measuring positive and negative affect in older adults over 56 days: comparing trait level scoring methods using the partial credit model.

Positive (PA) and negative affect (NA) are important constructs in health and well-being research. Good longitudinal measurement is crucial to conducting meaningful research on relationships between affect, health, and well-being across the lifespan. One common affect measure, the PANAS, has been evaluated thoroughly with factor analysis, but not with Racsh-based latent trait models (RLTMs) such as the Partial Credit Model (PCM), and not longitudinally.

Coping with daily stress: differential role of spiritual experience on daily positive and negative affect.

Objectives: On the global-level, spiritual experiences have been shown to buffer against the negative effects of stress on well-being for older adults, but this global-level analysis may not reflect the day-to-day processes at work. The present project uses a daily paradigm to examine the potential moderating effect of everyday spiritual experience (ESE) on the deleterious impact of a given day's perceived stress (PS) on that day's positive and negative affect (PA/NA).

Method: Participants were 244 older adults aged 55-80 years who completed daily assessments for up to 56 days.

The complexity of emotions in later life.

The complexity of positive and negative emotions was examined in a sample of 40 adults between the ages of 60 and 85 years. Participants' emotional experiences were assessed by use of a 30-day assessment protocol. Results suggest that different vulnerability and resilience factors are implicated in the intraindividual experience of positive and negative emotions.