Synthesis of pyrrolo[2,3-]pyridazines and pyrrolo[2,3-]pyridines (6-azaindoles). Experimental and theoretical study.

A new synthetic route towards 6-azaindoles (pyrrolo[2,3-]pyridines) and pyrrolo[2,3-]pyridazines starting from 4-aroyl pyrroles is described. This overall protocol involves: (i) the Vilsmeier-Haack reaction to obtain pyrrolo-2,3-dicarbonyles and (ii) condensation with hydrazines or glycine methyl ester. The reaction mechanism between pyrrolo-2,3-dicarbonyl with phenyl hydrazine and glycine methyl ester has been modelled using DFT calculations to prove the formation of one from two possible isomers of condensation.

The Impact of Regiodefects on the Melt-Memory of Isotactic Polypropylene.

The memory of crystalline phase in the melt of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) in regiodefective samples of iPP characterized by different concentrations regiodefects, constituted by secondary 2,1 propene units, is studied. The self-nucleation (SN) experiments have demonstrated that the presence of 2,1 regiodefects produces a strong memory of the crystalline phase in the melt that persists up to temperatures much higher than the melting temperature. The extension of the heterogeneous melt (domain II) containing self-nuclei increases with increasing the concentration of regiodefects.

Structure and Morphology of Crystalline Syndiotactic Polypropylene-Polyethylene Block Copolymers.

A study of the structure and morphology of diblock copolymers composed of crystallizable blocks of polyethylene (PE) and syndiotactic polypropylene (sPP) having different lengths is reported. In both analyzed samples, the PE block crystallizes first by cooling from the melt (at 130 °C) and the sPP block crystallizes after at a lower temperature. Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) recorded during cooling showed three correlation peaks at values of the scattering vector, = 0.

Double Crystallization and Phase Separation in Polyethylene-Syndiotactic Polypropylene Di-Block Copolymers.

Crystallization and phase separation in the melt in semicrystalline block copolymers (BCPs) compete in defining the final solid state structure and morphology. In crystalline-crystalline di-block copolymers the sequence of crystallization of the two blocks plays a definitive role. In this work we show that the use of epitaxial crystallization on selected crystalline substrates allows achieving of a control over the crystallization of the blocks by inducing crystal orientations of the different crystalline phases and a final control over the global morphology.

Building spatial composite indicators to analyze environmental health inequalities on a regional scale.

Background: Reducing health inequalities involves the identification and characterization of social and exposure factors and the way they accumulate in a given area. The areas of accumulation then allow for prioritization of interventions. The present study aims to build spatial composite indicators based on the aggregation of environmental, social and health indicators and their inter-relationships.

Spatial relationship quantification between environmental, socioeconomic and health data at different geographic levels.

Spatial health inequalities have often been analyzed in terms of socioeconomic and environmental factors. The present study aimed to evaluate spatial relationships between spatial data collected at different spatial scales. The approach was illustrated using health outcomes (mortality attributable to cancer) initially aggregated to the county level, district socioeconomic covariates, and exposure data modeled on a regular grid.

[Endocrine disruptors and metabolic diseases: a major public health challenge].

The purpose of this research note is to summarize the current state of knowledge on the impact of environmental exposures on the development of obesity and diabetes. In France, the incidence of diabetes almost doubled between 2000 and 2008 (+ 93%), affecting 1.8 million people.

Development of a spatial stochastic multimedia exposure model to assess population exposure at a regional scale.

Analyzing the relationship between the environment and health has become a major focus of public health efforts in France, as evidenced by the national action plans for health and the environment. These plans have identified the following two priorities: - identify and manage geographic areas where hotspot exposures are a potential risk to human health; and - reduce exposure inequalities. The aim of this study is to develop a spatial stochastic multimedia exposure model for detecting vulnerable populations and analyzing exposure determinants at a fine resolution and regional scale.

[Health and environment: the 2nd public health revolution.].

As of the mid-19th century, most infectious disease epidemics have been fought and slowed down by taking action on the environment (water, housing, waste) and education. This constitutes the 1st public health revolution paradigm. As we face the current epidemic of chronic diseases and the failure of the dominant biomedical model to stop them, a 2nd public health revolution is needed.

Pilot study of personal, indoor and outdoor exposure to benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde.

There is a lack of data for health risk assessment of long term personal exposure to certain ubiquitous air pollutants present particularly in urban atmospheres. The relationship between ambient background concentrations and personal exposure is often unknown. A pilot campaign to measure indoor concentrations, outdoor concentrations and personal exposure to benzene, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde was conducted in a medium sized French town.

[Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC): definition, classification and properties].

The term volatile organic compounds includes a wide variety of chemical substances with the common feature of being carbon compounds that are volatile at ambient temperature. They can be classified into different families defined by their chemical formulae, each of which possesses common properties, although there may be major differences in terms of toxicity. For that reason the effects of VOC on health have to be considered both in an individual way and also from a global viewpoint on account of their common toxic properties and the role they play in the formation of environmental photo-oxidative pollutants, both outdoors and indoors.

IBM, Elsevier Science, and academic freedom.

Elsevier Science refused to publish a study of IBM workers that IBM sought to keep from public view. Occupational and environmental health (OEH) suffers from the absence of a level playing field on which science can thrive. Industry pays for a substantial portion of OEH research.

Glycol ethers: a ubiquitous family of toxic chemicals: a plea for REACH regulation.

Glycol ethers (GE) are chemicals used since the 1930s as solvents in paints, inks, varnishes, and cleaning agents, mainly in water-based products, cosmetics, and drugs. World production approximates 1 million tons. Nineteen GE are produced or imported each year; over 1000 tons in European Union (EU) have been classified as high production volume chemicals (HPVCs).

[Glycol ethers reproductive risks].

Glycol ethers (GE) are a family of solvents, the use of which has increased dramatically since the 60's, in domestic and occupational mainly water-based products, such as paintings, inks, varnishes, cleaning agents. There are two subgroups: E series and P series. EGME, among the E series, is the reference substance.

FIOH-sponsored newsletter misrepresents asbestos hazards in Zimbabwe.

The Finnish Institute of Occupational Health (FIOH) has received support from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Labor Office (ILO) to publish the African Newsletter on Occupational Health and Safety. The African Newsletter on Occupational Health and Safety should not be a medium for industry propaganda, or the source of misinformation among the workers of Africa. Instead, FIOH should provide the same level of scientific information in Africa that it does in Finland and other developed countries.

Health risk assessment after decontamination of the beaches polluted by the wrecked ERIKA tanker.

Following the wreck of the oil tanker ERIKA off the north-west coast of France in December 1999, cleaning up of the beaches involved considerable work, which in any case could not be perfect. This raised the question of the short- and long-term health risks for the future bathers related to the toxicity of the remaining oil polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This risk assessment study was conducted to help health authorities plan risk management policies and inform the public.

Environmental benzene exposure assessment for parent-child pairs in Rouen, France.

There is a lack of data on environmental benzene exposure in children. In this study, we compared personal benzene exposure and inhalation uptake in a group of children to those of their parents. We also compared levels of urinary benzene metabolites, trans,trans-muconic acid (MA) and hydroquinone (HQ), for those two groups, and assessed the correlation between personal benzene exposure and urinary MA and HQ concentrations.

Risk assessment of sensory irritants in indoor air--a case study in a French school.

Exposure to airborne pollutants can result in adverse health effects. Acute symptoms can for instance comprise of irritation of the eyes or of the respiratory tract (called sensory irritation). In a recent case, health problems were reported in a French school and supposedly attributed to the presence of airborne irritant pollutants.

BTX concentrations near a stage II implemented petrol station.

A combined monitoring and dispersion modelling methodology was applied for assessing air quality at three different levels of proximity to the selected service station: (I) next to the fuel pumps, (II) in the surrounding environment, and (III) in the background. Continuous monitoring and passive sampling were used for achieving high temporal and spatial resolution, respectively. A Gaussian dispersion model (CALINE4) was used for assessing the road traffic contribution to the local concentrations under different meteorological conditions.

[Evaluation of risks of glycol ethers for the reproductive health].

Glycol ethers (Ge) are a family of substances with a growing use in industrial and domestic products for the two last decades. Ge (group 1 and 2) are experimentally toxic for reproduction and development, at various levels. That begins to be found in humans.

Occupational exposure to organic solvents during paint stripping and painting operations in the aeronautical industry.

The exposure of workers to methylene chloride and phenol in an aeronautical workshop was measured during stripping of paint from a Boeing B 747. Methylene chloride exposure was measured during two work days by personal air sampling, while area sampling was used for phenol. During paint stripping operations, methylene chloride air concentrations ranged from 299.

Ethylene glycol ethers as hemopoietic toxins--in vitro studies of acute exposure.

Ethylene glycol ethers and their acetate derivatives were analyzed for their toxicity in vitro on several hemopoietic cell lines, either growth-factor-dependent or leukemic, in mouse, rat, and human species. Considering the concentrations that reduced the cell viability in culture by 50%, most of the ethylene glycol ethers and in particular ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGEE) or ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (EGBE) should be considered as hemopoietic toxins. EGBE was found to be the most potent toxin on the human promyelocytic cell line, NB4 (median inhibitory concentration (IC50) 5 mM at 6 h; IC50 0.

Workplace pollution in two viscose plants.

The CS2 and H2S pollution was evaluated in two viscose plants: a sponge factory and a rayon spinning mill. Two kinds of sampling were used: background samples with the help of a laboratory van equipped with a Gas Phase Chromatograph and an Air Sampler allowing sequential workplace monitoring. personal samples.