Extrarenal Visceral Arteries Injuries during Left Radical Nephrectomy: A 50-Year Continuing Problem.

Due to their proximity to the left renal hilum, injuries to the superior mesenteric artery and celiac trunk are still reported during left radical nephrectomy, whether performed via open, laparoscopic, or robotic methods. The aim of this 50-year narrative review is to emphasize the anatomical and pathophysiological bases, risk factors, and strategies for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of such injuries.

The effect of cannabis edibles on driving and blood THC.

Background: Cannabis has been shown to impact driving due to changes produced by delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive component of cannabis. Current legal thresholds for blood THC while driving are based predominantly on evidence utilizing smoked cannabis. It is known that levels of THC in blood are lower after eating cannabis as compared to smoking yet the impact of edibles on driving and associated blood THC has never been studied.

Cannabis and Driving in Older Adults.

Importance: Epidemiological studies have found that cannabis increases the risk of a motor vehicle collision. Cannabis use is increasing in older adults, but laboratory studies of the association between cannabis and driving in people aged older than 65 years are lacking.

Objective: To investigate the association between cannabis, simulated driving, and concurrent blood tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) levels in older adults.

Use of cannabidiol (CBD) for the treatment of cognitive impairment in psychiatric and neurological illness: A narrative review.

Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of the major phytocannabinoids present in the cannabis plant, with no acute psychotropic effects and a favorable safety and abuse liability profile. Animal and limited controlled human studies have demonstrated CBD to have analgesic, anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory, antipsychotic, and anticonvulsant effects, to name a few possible indications. There is growing evidence for the use of CBD to treat neurological disorders such as epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease.

Blood Transfusions and Adverse Events after Colorectal Surgery: A Propensity-Score-Matched Analysis of a Hen-Egg Issue.

Blood transfusions are considered a risk factor for adverse outcomes after colorectal surgery. However, it is still unclear if they are the cause (the hen) or the consequence (the egg) of adverse events. A prospective database of 4529 colorectal resections gathered over a 12-month period in 76 Italian surgical units (the iCral3 study), reporting patient-, disease-, and procedure-related variables, together with 60-day adverse events, was retrospectively analyzed identifying a subgroup of 304 cases (6.

On offer to Ontario consumers three years after legalization: A profile of cannabis products, cannabinoid content, plant type, and prices.

Introduction: Cannabis was legalized in Canada in October 2018, regulating the production, distribution, sale, and possession of dried cannabis and cannabis oils. Additional products were legalized 1 year later, including edibles, concentrates, and topicals, with new lines of commercial products coming to market. Ontario is the most populous province in Canada and has the largest cannabis market with the highest number of in-person retail stores and the most cannabis products available online.

The Utility of THC Cutoff Levels in Blood and Saliva for Detection of Impaired Driving.

Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the psychoactive component in cannabis and a relationship of THC to driving impairment is expected. Despite this, there are discrepant findings with respect to the relationship of blood THC to driving. This study investigated the relationship of blood, urine, and saliva THC/THC-COOH levels to "weaving," as measured by a driving simulator.

The effect of tetrahydrocannabinol:cannabidiol oromucosal spray on cognition: a systematic review.

Purpose: Previous studies have shown that tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive component of cannabis, can impair cognitive abilities. There is also some evidence that cannabidiol (CBD), the most abundant non-intoxicating constituent of cannabis, can attenuate these effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of THC:CBD oromucosal spray (with equal parts THC and CBD) on cognition compared with control conditions in human studies.

The Role of Dopamine D3 Receptors in Tobacco Use Disorder: A Synthesis of the Preclinical and Clinical Literature.

Tobacco smoking is a significant cause of preventable morbidity and mortality globally. Current pharmacological approaches to treat tobacco use disorder (TUD) are only partly effective and novel approaches are needed. Dopamine has a well-established role in substance use disorders, including TUD, and there has been a long-standing interest in developing agents that target the dopaminergic system to treat substance use disorders.

Therapeutic Potential of Histamine H3 Receptors in Substance Use Disorders.

Substance use disorders are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, and available pharmacological treatments are of modest efficacy. Histamine is a biogenic amine with four types of receptors. The histamine H receptor (HR) is an autoreceptor and also an heteroreceptor.

Simultaneous laparoscopic removal of a Todani type II choledochal cyst and a microlithiasic cholecystitis.

Diverticula of the choledochus, better known as Todani type II cysts, are very rare and represent a predominantly pediatric pathology. Their identification by radiological methods, even if occasional, requires clinical doctors to request a surgical consultation, even for asymptomatic subjects, to proceed with their removal, given the risk of associated neoplasms. The laparoscopic approach for surgical treatment of these cysts has been recently introduced with excellent results.

Separate and combined effects of alcohol and cannabis on mood, subjective experience, cognition and psychomotor performance: A randomized trial.

Co-use of alcohol and cannabis is associated with increased frequency and intensity of use and related problems. This study examined acute effects of alcohol and cannabis on mood, subjective experience, cognition, and psychomotor performance. Twenty-eight healthy cannabis users aged 19-29 years with recent history of binge drinking completed this within-subjects, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial.

Effects of combining alcohol and cannabis on driving, breath alcohol level, blood THC, cognition, and subjective effects: A narrative review.

Alcohol and cannabis are the two most commonly found intoxicating substances in fatally injured drivers. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that the use of alcohol or cannabis can lead to an increase in the risk of a motor vehicle collision. Reducing the risks associated with driving under the influence of alcohol or cannabis is achieved partly through roadside detection of breath alcohol concentrations (BrAC) or blood delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) levels.

Cannabis, Impaired Driving, and Road Safety: An Overview of Key Questions and Issues.

The road safety impact of cannabis has been a topic of much discussion and debate over the years. These discussions have been revitalized in recent years by initiatives in several jurisdictions to legalize non-medical cannabis. Canada became the second country to legalize non-medical cannabis use in October, 2018, preceded by Uruguay in December 2013.

Are vaporizers a lower-risk alternative to smoking cannabis?

Cannabis use is associated with various adverse physical and mental health outcomes as well as increased risk of motor vehicle collision. Many organizations and the "Lower-Risk Cannabis Use Guidelines" have recommended to use cannabis vaporizers instead of smoking to reduce the associated health risk. This commentary draws attention to the present evidence regarding harm reduction potential of cannabis vaping.

Preliminary Eye-Tracking Data as a Nonintrusive Marker for Blood Δ-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Concentration and Drugged Driving.

Cannabis is one of the drugs most often found in drivers involved in serious motor vehicle collisions. Validity and reliability of roadside cannabis detection strategies are questioned. This pilot study aimed to investigate the relationship between eye characteristics and cannabis effects in simulated driving to inform potential development of an alternative detection strategy.

Influence of personality on acute smoked cannabis effects on simulated driving.

A recent study of the impact of smoked cannabis on simulated driver behavior demonstrated a reduction in mean speed after smoked cannabis. Previous research identified an association between personality and individual differences and acute drug effects. The present study examined the impact of personality on the reduction in mean speed after smoking cannabis under single- and dual-task driving conditions originally reported by Brands et al.

The influence of conditioned stimuli on [C]-(+)-PHNO PET binding in tobacco smokers after a one week abstinence.

Stimuli previously paired with drugs of dependence can produce cravings that are associated with increased dopamine (DA) levels in limbic and striatal brain areas. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging with [C]-(+)-PHNO allows for a sensitive measurement of changes in DA levels. The purpose of the present study was to investigate changes in DA levels, measured with PET imaging with [C]-(+)-PHNO, in regions of interest in smokers who had maintained abstinence for 7-10 days.

Sex differences in the acute pharmacological and subjective effects of smoked cannabis combined with alcohol in young adults.

The prevalence of co-use of alcohol and cannabis is increasing, particularly among young adults. Sex differences in the effects of alcohol alone and cannabis alone have been observed in animals and humans. However, sex differences in the acute pharmacological effects of cannabis combined with alcohol have not yet been studied.

Combined effect of alcohol and cannabis on simulated driving.

Rationale: With alcohol and cannabis remaining the most commonly detected drugs in seriously and fatally injured drivers, there is a need to understand their combined effects on driving.

Objectives: The present study examined the effects of combinations of smoked cannabis (12.5% THC) and alcohol (target BrAC 0.

Management and 1-year outcomes of anastomotic leakage after elective colorectal surgery.

Purpose: To analyze different types of management and one-year outcomes of anastomotic leakage (AL) after elective colorectal resection.

Methods: All patients with anastomotic leakage after elective colorectal surgery with anastomosis (76/1,546; 4.9%), with the exclusion of cases with proximal diverting stoma, were followed-up for at least one year.