Parents' safety beliefs and childhood agricultural injury.

Background: This study examined potential associations between parental safety beliefs and children's chore assignments or risk of agricultural injury.

Methods: Analyses were based on nested case-control data collected by the 1999 and 2001 Regional Rural Injury Study-II (RRIS-II) surveillance efforts. Cases (n = 425, reporting injuries) and controls (n = 1,886, no injuries; selected using incidence density sampling) were persons younger than 20 years of age from Midwestern agricultural households.

Insulin resistance and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in young adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Purpose: To determine the prevalence of insulin resistance and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in young adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).

Patients And Methods: In this cross-sectional evaluation of 118 survivors of childhood ALL (median age, 23.0 years; range, 18 to 37 years), insulin resistance was estimated using the homeostasis model for assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR).

Iridium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation yielding chiral diarylmethines with weakly coordinating or noncoordinating substituents.

Diarylmethine-containing stereocenters are present in pharmaceuticals and natural products, making the synthetic methods that form these chiral centers are important in industry. We have applied iridium complexes with novel N,P-chelating ligands to the asymmetric hydrogenation of trisubstituted olefins, forming diarylmethine chiral centers in high conversions and excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99% ee) for a broad range of substrates. Our results support the hypothesis that steric hindrance in one specific area of the catalyst is playing a key role in stereoselection, as the hydrogenation of substrates differing little at the prochiral carbon occurred with high enantioselectivity.

Ideal weight and weight satisfaction: association with health practices.

Evidence suggests that individuals have become more tolerant of higher body weights over time. To investigate this issue further, the authors examined cross-sectional associations among ideal weight, examination year, and obesity as well as the association of ideal weight and body weight satisfaction with health practices among 15,221 men and 4,126 women in the United States. Participants in 1987 reported higher ideal weights than participants in 2001, an effect particularly pronounced from 1987 to 2001 for younger and obese men (85.

Effect of exercise training on cardiometabolic risk markers among sedentary, but metabolically healthy overweight or obese post-menopausal women with elevated blood pressure.

Objective: To investigate the effect of exercise training on markers of the lipoprotein-lipid profile and inflammatory markers in post-menopausal overweight/obese women with a moderately elevated systolic blood pressure.

Methods: A total of 267 women [mean body mass index (BMI)=32.0+/-5.

Microencapsulated foods as a functional delivery vehicle for omega-3 fatty acids: a pilot study.

It is well established that the ingestion of the omega-3 (N3) fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) positively benefit a variety of health indices. Despite these benefits the actual intake of fish derived N3 is relatively small in the United States. The primary aim of our study was to examine a technology capable of delivering omega-3 fatty acids in common foods via microencapsulation (MicroN3) in young, healthy, active participants who are at low risk for cardiovascular disease.

Associations between cardiorespiratory fitness and health-related quality of life.

Background: There is limited data examining the association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and health related quality of life (HRQOL) in healthy young adults. We examined the association between CRF and the HRQOL Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS) scores in apparently healthy males in the United States Navy.

Methods: A total of 709 males (18-49 yr) performed a submaximal exercise test and HRQOL assessment (SF-12v2) between 2004-2006.

Iridium-N,P-ligand-catalyzed enantioselective hydrogenation of diphenylvinylphosphine oxides and vinylphosphonates.

Diphenylvinylphosphine oxides and di- and trisubstituted vinylphosphonates have been employed as substrates in iridium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenations. Complete conversions and excellent enantioselectivities (up to and above 99% ee) were observed for a range of substrates with both aromatic and aliphatic groups at the prochiral carbon. We have also hydrogenated electron-deficient carboxyethylvinylphosphonates with excellent stereoselectivity (up to and above 99% ee).

Cumulative incidence of false-positive results in repeated, multimodal cancer screening.

Purpose: Multiple cancer screening tests have been advocated for the general population; however, clinicians and patients are not always well-informed of screening burdens. We sought to determine the cumulative risk of a false-positive screening result and the resulting risk of a diagnostic procedure for an individual participating in a multimodal cancer screening program.

Methods: Data were analyzed from the intervention arm of the ongoing Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial, a randomized controlled trial to determine the effects of prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian cancer screening on disease-specific mortality.

Children's behavioral traits and risk of injury: analyses from a case-control study of agricultural households.

Problem: Children on family agricultural operations have high risk of injury. The association between children's behavioral traits and their risk of injury is not well understood.

Method: Data from the Regional Rural Injury Study-II were used to assess behavioral risk factors for injury to children ages six to <20 years.

Metabolic syndrome and diabetes, alone and in combination, as predictors of cardiovascular disease mortality among men.

Objective: To examine cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality risk in men with diabetes only, metabolic syndrome only, and concurrent metabolic syndrome and diabetes.

Research Design And Methods: We examined CVD mortality risk by metabolic syndrome and diabetes status in men from the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study (ACLS) (mean +/- SD age 45.1 +/- 10.

Exercise dose-response of the V(E)/VCO(2) slope in postmenopausal women in the DREW study.

Purpose: Being overweight/obese, having hypertension, and being postmenopausal are risk factors for the development of congestive heart failure (CHF). A characteristic of CHF is an abnormal V(E)/VCO(2) slope, which is predictive of mortality in patients with CHF. Although the V(E)/VCO(2) slope is well established in CHF patients, little is known regarding interventions for "at-risk" populations.

Sitting time and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.

Purpose: Although moderate-to-vigorous physical activity is related to premature mortality, the relationship between sedentary behaviors and mortality has not been fully explored and may represent a different paradigm than that associated with lack of exercise. We prospectively examined sitting time and mortality in a representative sample of 17,013 Canadians 18-90 yr of age.

Methods: Evaluation of daily sitting time (almost none of the time, one fourth of the time, half of the time, three fourths of the time, almost all of the time), leisure time physical activity, smoking status, and alcohol consumption was conducted at baseline.

Results from four rounds of ovarian cancer screening in a randomized trial.

Objective: To test whether annual screening with transvaginal ultrasonography and CA 125 reduces ovarian cancer mortality.

Methods: Data from the first four annual screens, denoted T0-T3, are reported. A CA 125 value at or above 35 units/mL or an abnormality on transvaginal ultrasonography was considered a positive screen.

Mortality results from a randomized prostate-cancer screening trial.

Background: The effect of screening with prostate-specific-antigen (PSA) testing and digital rectal examination on the rate of death from prostate cancer is unknown. This is the first report from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial on prostate-cancer mortality.

Methods: From 1993 through 2001, we randomly assigned 76,693 men at 10 U.

Cardiorespiratory fitness and digestive cancer mortality: findings from the aerobics center longitudinal study.

Although higher levels of physical activity are inversely associated with risk of colon cancer, few prospective studies have evaluated overall digestive system cancer mortality in relation to cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). The authors examined this association among 38,801 men ages 20 to 88 years who performed a maximal treadmill exercise test at baseline in the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study (Dallas, TX) during 1974 to 2003. Mortality was assessed over 29 years of follow-up (1974-2003).

Serum prostate-specific antigen hemodilution among obese men undergoing screening in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial.

Background: Previous studies have shown an inverse relationship between prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration and body mass index (BMI). It has been recently proposed that this relationship may be explained by the larger plasma volume of obese men diluting a fixed amount of PSA (hemodilution effect). We examined this hypothesis in a cohort of men enrolled in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial.

Changes in weight, waist circumference and compensatory responses with different doses of exercise among sedentary, overweight postmenopausal women.

Background: It has been suggested that exercise training results in compensatory mechanisms that attenuate weight loss. However, this has only been examined with large doses of exercise. The goal of this analysis was to examine actual weight loss compared to predicted weight loss (compensation) across different doses of exercise in a controlled trial of sedentary, overweight or obese postmenopausal women (n = 411).

The impact of overweight and obesity on the direct medical costs of truck drivers.

Objective: The primary goal of the study was to quantify health care costs of truckers across categories of normal weight, overweight, and obese.

Methods: Health care claims data from a transportation logistics company were obtained from 2004 to 2005 and were merged with body mass index measures. A robust multivariate ordinary least squares regression model was used to adjust for demographic and occupational variables.

Volume of exercise and fitness nonresponse in sedentary, postmenopausal women.

Unlabelled: There is a wide individual heterogeneity in the maximal aerobic fitness (V x O 2max) response to exercise training.

Purpose: To examine predictors of V x O 2max nonresponse after aerobic exercise training in postmenopausal women.

Methods: The Dose Response to Exercise in Women (DREW) study was a randomized, controlled trial examining the effects of incremental training doses on sedentary postmenopausal women (45-75 yr).

Exercise dose and quality of life: a randomized controlled trial.

Background: Improved quality of life (QOL) is a purported benefit of exercise, but few randomized controlled trials and no dose-response trials have been conducted to examine this assertion.

Methods: The effect of 50%, 100%, and 150% of the physical activity recommendation on QOL was examined in a 6-month randomized controlled trial. Participants were 430 sedentary postmenopausal women (body mass index range, 25.

A pooled analysis of advanced colorectal neoplasia diagnoses after colonoscopic polypectomy.

Background & Aims: Limited data exist regarding the actual risk of developing advanced adenomas and cancer after polypectomy or the factors that determine risk.

Methods: We pooled individual data from 8 prospective studies comprising 9167 men and women aged 22 to 80 with previously resected colorectal adenomas to quantify their risk of developing subsequent advanced adenoma or cancer as well as identify factors associated with the development of advanced colorectal neoplasms during surveillance.

Results: During a median follow-up period of 47.

Stopping to rest during a 400-meter walk and incident mobility disability in older persons with functional limitations.

Objectives: To examine the association between stopping to rest during a 400-m usual-pace walk test (400-MWT) and incident mobility disability in older persons with functional limitations.

Design: Prospective cohort study.

Setting: Community based.

A prospectively measured serum biomarker for a tobacco-specific carcinogen and lung cancer in smokers.

Background: No prior studies have related a tobacco-specific carcinogen to the risk of lung cancer in smokers. Of the over 60 known carcinogens in cigarette smoke, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is specific to tobacco and causes lung cancer in laboratory animals. Its metabolites, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol and its glucuronides (total NNAL), have been studied as biomarkers of exposure to NNK.