[Analysis of Frequencies and Subsets of Peripheral Helper T Cells in Patients with Immune Thrombocytopenia].

Objective: To investigate the frequencies and subset distribution of peripheral helper (Tph) T cells in patients with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), and explore the pathogenesis of ITP.

Methods: A total of 25 newly diagnosed ITP patients treated in The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University from January to December 2022 were selected, and 25 healthy volunteers (age- and sex-matched) were recruited as the control group. Flow cytometry was used to detect the subsets of CD4 T cells and Tph cells.

Sequential gene expression analysis of myelodysplastic syndrome transformation identifies HOXB3 and HOXB7 as the novel targets for mesenchymal cells in disease.

Background: Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is known to arise through the pathogenic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) by interacting with hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). However, due to the strong heterogeneity of MDS patients, it is difficult to find common targets in studies with limited sample sizes. This study aimed to describe sequential molecular changes and identify biomarkers in MSC of MDS transformation.

Mitochondrial ROS-dependent CD4PD-1T cells are pathological expansion in patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia.

Objective: Aberrant-activated T cells, especially CD4T cells, play a crucial part in the pathogenetic progress of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). PD-1-mediated signals play a negative part in the activation of CD4T cells. However, knowledge is limited on the pathogenic characteristics and function of CD4PD-1T cells in ITP.

CpG-C ODN M362 as an immunoadjuvant for HBV therapeutic vaccine reverses the systemic tolerance against HBV.

Chronic Hepatitis B virus (CHB) infection is a global public health problem. Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing class C unmethylated cytosine-guanine dinucleotide (CpG-C) motifs may provide potential adjuvants for the immunotherapeutic strategy against CHB, since CpG-C ODNs stimulate both B cell and dendritic cell (DC) activation. However, the efficacy of CpG-C ODN as an anti-HBV vaccine adjuvant remains unclear.

ROS/TGF-β signal mediated accumulation of SOX4 in OA-FLS promotes cell senescence.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is an age-related disease, which is mainly treated with oral, topical, and/or intra-articular options to relieve symptoms and lack of specific treatment measures. Fibroblasts (FLS) are crucial cells in joint inflammation and destruction. Cellular senescence plays an important role during OA pathogenesis and senescent cells exhibit cell-cycle arrest and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP).

Differential effects of Huaier aqueous extract on human CD4T lymphocytes from patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia.

Huaier, a traditional Chinese medicine, is currently used to treat certain types of cancer in the clinic and is also regarded as an immune-modulating and immune-enhancing agent that regulates immune cells. Emerging evidence indicates that an imbalance of immune cells, such as CD4 T helper (Th) lymphocytes, contributes to the progression of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), but the effects of Huaier on the regulation of CD4 T cells are not yet fully elucidated. In the present study, Jurkat cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with ITP and healthy volunteers were treated with Huaier aqueous extract (HR).

Chitosan Nanovaccines as Efficient Carrier Adjuvant System for IL-12 with Enhanced Protection Against HBV.

Purpose: Alum adjuvant in HBV prophylactic vaccines is poor in inducing cellular immunity with the inhibition of IL-12 secretion, and approximately 5-10% of immunised individuals fail to clear HBV upon infection. IL-12 plasmids (pIL-12) as adjuvants enhance significant humoral and cellular immune response in vaccines. However, finding a novel delivery system to protect pIL-12 from enzymatic degradation and achieve efficient delivery remains a major challenge.

WGCNA identification of TLR7 as a novel diagnostic biomarker, progression and prognostic indicator, and immunotherapeutic target for stomach adenocarcinoma.

Stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) is a malignant tumor with high histological heterogeneity. However, the potential mechanism of STAD tumorigenesis remains to be elucidated. The purpose of our research was to identify candidate genes associated with the diagnosis, progression, prognosis, and immunotherapeutic targets of STAD.

Androgen Receptor (AR)-TLR4 Crosstalk Mediates Gender Disparities in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Incidence and Progression.

Androgen receptor (AR) has a role in regulating malignancies and gender disparities in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Recently, TLR4 activation is demonstrated to be required for HCC progression; however, whether and how TLR4 interacts with AR is largely unknown. The tumorigenesis was detected in female and male mice induced by DEN/CCL then TLR4 and AR signals were detected in liver tissues by qPCR and FACS.

HCC-Derived Exosomes: Critical Player and Target for Cancer Immune Escape.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary malignancy of the liver, and currently the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide with increasing incidence and poor prognosis. Exosomes are now considered as important mediators of host anti-tumor immune response as well as tumor cell immune escape. HCC-derived exosomes have been shown to attenuate the cytotoxicity of T-cells and NK cells, and promote the immuno-suppressive M2 macrophages, N2 neutrophils, and Bregs.

SALL4-mediated upregulation of exosomal miR-146a-5p drives T-cell exhaustion by M2 tumor-associated macrophages in HCC.

Emerging evidence indicates that cancer cell-derived exosomes contribute to cancer progression through the modulation of tumor microenvironment, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully elucidated. Here, we reported that hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)-derived exosomes could remodel macrophages by activating NF-κB signaling and inducing pro-inflammatory factors, and resulted in M2-polarized tumor-associated macrophages. In addition, the expression of IFN-γ and TNF-α was inhibited, while the expression of inhibitory receptors such as PD-1 and CTLA-4 was upregulated in T cells by HCC-derived exosome educated macrophages.

5'-triphosphate siRNA targeting HBx elicits a potent anti-HBV immune response in pAAV-HBV transfected mice.

RNA with 5'-triphosphate (3p-RNA) is recognized by RNA sensor RIG-I (retinoic acid-inducible gene I protein). Previously, we reported that small interfering RNA targeting HBx (3p-siHBx) could confer potent anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) efficacy via HBx silencing and RIG-I activation. However, the characteristics of innate and adaptive immunity especially exhaustion profiles in the liver microenvironment in response to 3p-siHBx therapy have not been fully elucidated.