New method for calculating the windward area of irregular fragments.

Average windward area is an important index for calculating the trajectory, velocity attenuation and terminal effect of explosive fragments. In order to solve the problems that existing theoretical method cannot calculate windward area of irregular fragment and experiment method is not convenient for automatic calculation and has low accuracy, a Monte Carlo subdivision projection simulation algorithm is proposed. The average windward area of arbitrary shaped fragments can be obtained with coordinate translation, random rotation, plane projection, convex-hull triangulation, concave boundary searching and sorting with maximum edge length constraint, subdivision area calculation, and averaging by thousands of cycles.

The σ+π dual aromaticity of typical bi-tetrazole ring molecule TKX-50.

Two complexes of dihydroxylammonium 5,5'-bistetrazole-1,1'-diolate (TKX-50) were employed to evaluate the aromaticity of their tetrazole rings via deep analysis such as the electronic structure, the ZZ component of the natural chemical shielding tensor (NICS) and component orbitals, localized orbital locator purely contributed by σ-orbitals (LOL-σ) and localized orbital locator purely contributed by π-orbitals (LOL-π), the anisotropy of the induced current density (AICD) and the ZZ component of iso-chemical shielding surface (ICSS) of these tetrazole rings thereof. The conclusion shows: that all tetrazole rings and bi-tetrazole rings in complexes have strong σ and a comparable strength π double aromaticity; all these magnetic shields almost symmetrically increase from the central axis to the tetrazole ring atoms; tetrazole rings in complex II show a little stronger dual aromaticity than that in complex I mainly due to the different orientation of the fragment 2 encompassing two hydroxylamine groups resulting in different effects on the contributions of σ orbitals and π orbitals to total aromaticity of tetrazole rings thereof; the difference in aromaticity is fundamentally caused by the atoms O with stronger electron-withdrawing than atom N in fragment 2 interact with bi-tetrazole ring through O in complex I but through N in complex II.

Theoretical study on intra-molecule interactions in TKX-50.

To fully and deeply understand the weak interactions in the gaseous structure of the TKX-50 molecule, two conformations I and II of the TKX-50 molecule confirmed in a crystal cell were optimized at the B3LYP/6-311g(d,p) level in the gas state, and the single point energy of the optimized structure was calculated at the M06-2X/ma-TZVPP level. Analyzing methods for weak interactions such as the interaction region indicator (IRI), topological basin analysis, and the extended transition state-natural orbitals for chemical valence (ETS-NOCV) theory with the help of Multiwfn code were employed to reveal the corresponding intramolecular weak interactions. The results showed that there were 5 kinds of intramolecular weak interaction in both conformations.

Nonthermal plasma-irradiated polyvalent ferromanganese binary hydro(oxide) for the removal of uranyl ions from wastewater.

Nonthermal plasma (NTP) irradiation was employed to adjust the morphological structures and valence distribution of ferromanganese (Fe-Mn)-based binary hydro (oxide) to enhance the heterogeneous adsorption of uranyl ions. The output voltage and the liquid-plate distance played a more vital role among the NTP factors in the irradiation system in influencing the polyvalent Fe-Mn binary hydro (oxide) (poly-Fe-Mn). The formation of plates, flakes, and nanoscale nodules was specifically observed, which caused more pores and fractures in the poly-Fe-Mn binary hydro (oxide).

Effect of metal oxides on the light radiation intensity of Ba(NO)/Mg-containing pyrotechnic mixtures combustion.

Studying how to improve the performance of illuminating agents to meet the requirements of ammunition miniaturization of great importance. In this study, a simple method for increasing light radiation intensity through the adding of metal oxides was developed and tested. Results revealed that the metal oxides had a very strong effect on the light radiation intensity of the reaction system.

Microwave irradiation coupled with zero-valent iron that enhances the composite geopolymerization of chromite ore processing residue and its mechanisms.

In this work, microwave (MW) irradiation was employed to enhance the zero-valent iron (ZVI)-dominated de-contamination of chromite ore processing residue (COPR). A coupling system and the traditional two-step procedure were both conducted to evaluate the effects of MW irradiation on the reduction and the incorporation of COPR into the composite materials-based geopolymers. The factors including the ratios of liquid to solid, the mass ratios of ZVI to COPR, and the acid dosage had some obvious influence on the reduction of COPR in the MW system.

A green rust-coated expanded perlite particle electrode-based adsorption coupling with the three-dimensional electrokinetics that enhances hexavalent chromium removal.

A green rust-coated expanded perlite (GR-coated Exp-p) microelectrode was synthesized and incorporated into a column-mode three-dimensional electrokinetic (3D-EK) platform to effectively pursue a continuous Cr(VI) removal from the aqueous solution. Brucite-like layers of GR were decorated onto the Exp-p material. The molar ratio of Fe(II) to Fe(III) played a most vital role among the three synthesis factors in influencing the performance of the particle electrode.

Hybrid CoO Nanowires Coated with Uniform Polypyrrole Nanolayers for High-Performance Energy Storage Devices.

Transition metal oxides with high theoretic capacities are promising materials as battery-type electrodes for hybrid supercapacitors, but their practical applications are limited by their poor electric conductivity and unsatisfied rate capability. In this work, a hybrid structure of CoO nanowires coated with conformal polypyrrole (Ppy) nanolayer is proposed, designed and fabricated on a flexible carbon substrate through a facile two-step method. In the first step, porous CoO nanowires are fabricated on flexible carbon substrate through a hydrothermal procedure combined with an annealing process.

Facile Activation of Commercial Carbon Felt as a Low-Cost Free-Standing Electrode for Flexible Supercapacitors.

High cost, low capacitance, and complicated synthesis process are still the key limitations for carbon-negative materials to meet their industrial production and application in high-energy-density asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs). In this work, we demonstrate the facile preparation of ultrahigh-surface-area free-standing carbon material from low-cost industrial carbon felt (CF) and its application for flexible supercapacitor electrode with outstanding performance. Through a simple freeze-drying-assisted activation method, the as-prepared activated CF (ACF) was endowed with satisfactory flexibility, ultrahigh specific surface area of 2109 m g, good electric conductivity (311 S m), and excellent wettability to aqueous electrolyte.

Energy-Saving Synthesis of MOF-Derived Hierarchical and Hollow Co(VO)-Co(OH) Composite Leaf Arrays for Supercapacitor Electrode Materials.

A one-step and energy-saving method was proposed to synthesize hierarchical and hollow Co(VO)-Co(OH) composite leaf arrays on carbon cloth, which expressed high capacitance (522 mF cm or 803 F g at the current density of 0.5 mA cm), good rate capability (79.5% capacitance retention after a 30-fold increase of the current density) and excellent cycling stability (90% capacitance retention after 15 000 charge-discharge cycles) when tested as a supercapacitor electrode.

The regulatory effects of L. plantarum peptidoglycan microspheres on innate and humoral immunity in mouse.

Objective: To study the effects of Lactobacillus Plantarum cell wall peptidoglycan (LPG) microspheres on mouse intestinal flora changes, peptidoglycan recognitions protein (PGRP) and cytokines expression levels.

Method: Plate counting was used for enumeration of the intestinal flora. Real-time PCR was used for quantification PGRP in different tissues.

Voltammetric determination of tryptophan at a single-wall carbon nanotubes modified electrode.

A single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT)-film coated glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was described for the determination of tryptophan. In pH 2.5 Na2HPO4-citric acid buffer, tryptophan yields a well-defined and very sensitive oxidation peak at about 1.

Voltammetric determination of tinidazole using a glassy carbon electrode modified with single-wall carbon nanotubes.

An electrochemical method based on a single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) film-coated glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was described for the determination of tinidazole. In a 0.1 M Britton-Robinson buffer with a pH of 10.

Simultaneous determination of 2-nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol based on the multi-wall carbon nanotubes Nafion-modified electrode.

In this work, multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNT) were conveniently dispersed into Nafion-ethanol solution, and the MWNT-Nafion-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was described for the simultaneous determination of 2-nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol. At pH 4.0 phosphate buffer, the reduction peak currents of 2-nitrophenol (at -0.

Anodic stripping voltammetric determination of mercury by use of a sodium montmorillonite-modified carbon-paste electrode.

A sodium montmorillonite (SWy-2)-modified carbon-paste electrode has been examined for determination of trace levels of mercury. Because of its strong cation-exchange and adsorptive characteristics, SWy-2 greatly improves the sensitivity of determination of Hg(2+). Hg(2+) is preconcentrated and reduced on the modified electrode surface at -0.