GM1 Ameliorates Neuronal Injury in Rats after Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion: Potential Contribution of Effects on SPTBN1-mediated Signaling.

Monosialoganglioside GM1 (GM1) has long been used as a therapeutic agent for neurological diseases in the clinical treatment of ischemic stroke. However, the mechanism underlying the neuroprotective function of GM1 is still obscure until now. In this study, we investigated the effects of GM1 in ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) brain injury models.

Effects of turning frequency on fermentation efficiency and microbial community metabolic function of sheep manure composting on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

This study explored the effects of turning frequency on fermentation efficiency and microbial metabolic function of sheep manure composting on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). Five treatments with different turning frequencies were set up in this study: turning every 1 day (T1), 2 days (T2), 4 days (T3), 6 days (T4), and 8 days (T5). Results showed that the high temperature period for T1 and T5 lasted only 4 days, while that for T2-T4 lasted more than 8 days.

Enhanced lignin degradation by Irpex lacteus through expanded sterilization further improved the fermentation quality and microbial community during the silage preservation process.

Traditional autoclaving, slow degradation rate and preservation of biomass treated by fungi are the main factors restricting biological treatment. In our previous studies, strains with high efficiency and selective lignin degradation ability were obtained. To further solve the limiting factors of biological treatment, this paper proposed a composite treatment technology, which could replace autoclaves for fungal treatment and improve the preservation and utilization of fungal-pretreated straw.

The maturity, humus content, and microbial metabolic function of sheep manure compost on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau can be significantly improved by reducing the moisture content.

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) is characterized by an extreme hypoxia, which may lead to lack of sufficient oxygen for compost production, and thus seriously affecting the compost quality. The moisture content (MC) has a direct effect on the oxygen content of composting pile. At present, the research on the optimum moisture content of compost production on the QTP is still lacking.

Expansion Improved the Physical and Chemical Properties and In Vitro Rumen Digestibility of Buckwheat Straw.

The hard texture and poor palatability of straw are important factors that hinder its application in feed. Expansion is a technology that can improve the utilization of biomass, but few studies have comprehensively revealed how to change physicochemical characteristics to improve nutritional value. In this study, mechanical and chemical methods were combined to study the texture properties, rheological properties, and physicochemical structures of straw, and its utilization value was evaluated by in vitro rumen digestion.

Available sulfur and phosphorus transformation mechanism and functional microorganisms during sheep manure composting on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau under two moisture contents.

Understanding the mechanisms of sulfur and phosphorus transformation during composting is important for improving compost fertility. This study aims to investigate the microbial mechanism of available sulfur and phosphorus transformation during sheep manure composting under different moisture contents (45%: M45 and 60%: M60) on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau using metagenomics technology. The results showed that the final available sulfur and phosphorus contents of M45 were 11% and 13% higher than those of M60, respectively.

Mitigation of soil NO emissions by decomposed straw based on changes in dissolved organic matter and denitrifying bacteria.

The return of decomposed straw represents a less explored potential option for reducing NO emissions. However, the mechanisms underlying the effects of decomposed straw return on soil NO mitigation are still not fully clear. Therefore, we used a helium atmosphere robotized continuous flow incubation system to compare the soil NO and N emissions from four treatments: CK (control: no straw), WS (wheat straw), IWS (wheat straw decomposed with Irpex lacteus), and PWS (wheat straw decomposed with Phanerochaete chrysosporium).

Metagenomic insights into the microbiota involved in lactate and butyrate production and manipulating their synthesis in alfalfa silage.

Aims: Lactate and butyrate are important indicators of silage quality. However, the microorganisms and mechanisms responsible for lactate and butyrate production in silage are not well documented.

Methods And Results: whole-metagenomic sequencing was used to analyse metabolic pathways, microbiota composition, functional genes, and their contributions to lactate and butyrate production in alfalfa silage with (SA) and without (CK) sucrose addition.

Ensiling Improved the Colonization and Degradation Ability of in Wheat Straw.

To develop a non-thermal method to replace steam autoclaving for white-rot fungi fermentation, spawn was inoculated in wheat straw (WSI) or ensiled WS (WSI) at varying ratios of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%, and incubated at 28 °C for 28 days to determine the effects of the ensiling and inoculation ratio on the colonization and degradation ability of in wheat straw (WS). The results demonstrate that ensiling effectively inhibited the growth of aerobic bacteria and molds, as well as other harmful microorganisms in WS, which created a favorable condition for the growth of . After the treatment of , the pH of EWSI decreased to below 5, while that of WSI, except for the feedstocks of WSI-50%, was around 7, indicating that colonized well in the ensiled WS because the substrates dominated by are generally acidic.

Effects of Regular Water Replenishment on Enzyme Activities and Fungal Metabolic Function of Sheep Manure Composting on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

The dry climate characteristics of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau will seriously affect microbial metabolism during composting. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of regular water supplementation on the fungal and enzymatic activities of sheep manure composting in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The experiment set up the treatments of water replenishment once every 7 days(T2) and 3.

Metagenomic analysis reveals the linkages between bacteria and the functional enzymes responsible for potential ammonia and biogenic amine production in alfalfa silage.

Aims: To clarify the molecular mechanisms underlying ammonia (NH ) and biogenic amines (BAEs) formation in alfalfa silage, whole metagenomic sequencing analysis was performed to identify the linkages between functional bacteria and their responsible enzymes in alfalfa silage prepared with and without sucrose addition.

Methods And Results: Genes encoding nitrite reductase (nirB) resulting in NH formation were the most abundant and were mostly assigned to Enterobacter cloacae and Klebsiella oxytoca. Putrescine-related genes, classified mainly to encode ornithine decarboxylase (odcA), were predominantly carried by Escherichia coli, Ent.

Effects of white-rot fungal pretreatment of corn straw return on greenhouse gas emissions from the North China Plain soil.

Straw-return with fungal treatment is a potential method for reducing soil greenhouse gas emissions through carbon (C) sequestration and NO mitigation. However, there is little information on the effects of different fungal treatments of crop straw return on soil CO and NO emissions. To explore to what extent decomposed corn straw and its components controls soil CO and NO emissions, we set up three sequential incubation experiments using soil collected from the North China Plain, an intensive agricultural area.

An efficient strategy to improve enzymatic hydrolysis of naked oat straw pretreated by Irpex lacteus.

The objective of this study was aiming at developing an efficient strategy to promote enzymatic hydrolysis of naked oat straw and deciphering the potential mechanism. Irpex lacteus and Phlebia acerina were employed to inoculated on the naked oat straw for 4 weeks which the changes of fiber components, fermentation losses, lignin-degrading enzymes production pattern were determined weekly. Furthermore, the 72 h enzymatic hydrolysis of ultimately fermented naked oat straw were also evaluated.

Replacing Alfalfa with Paper Mulberry in Total Mixed Ration Silages: Effects on Ensiling Characteristics, Protein Degradation, and In Vitro Digestibility.

To develop an alternative high-protein forage resource to alleviate ruminant feed shortages, we investigated the effects of replacing alfalfa ( L.) with different ratios of paper mulberry ( L., RY) on fermentation quality, protein degradation, and in vitro digestibility of total mixed ration (TMR) silage.

Microbial community dynamics during alfalfa silage with or without clostridial fermentation.

This study was conducted to examine the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) and sucrose (S) on clostridial community dynamics and correlation between clostridia and other bacteria in alfalfa silage during ensiling. Fresh alfalfa was directly ensiled without (CK) or with additives (LP, S, LP + S) for 7, 14, 28 and 56 days. Clostridial and bacterial communities were evaluated by next-generation sequencing.

Effects of Ensiling with Whole-Plant Corn at Different Proportions on Fermentation Quality, Alkaloid Swainsonine Content, and Lactic Acid Bacteria Populations.

(OG) is a leguminous forage that is potentially valuable for solving the shortage of feed for livestock production, while, in large quantities, it may be toxic because of its swainsonine (SW) content. In this study, OG was ensiled with whole-plant corn ( L.) at 10:0, 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, 5:5, 4:6, and 0:10 ratios on a fresh matter basis, and, after 60 d of ensiling, the chemical composition, fermentation characteristic, SW removal rate, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) populations, and their capabilities for SW removal were analyzed.

Vitamin A and E in the total mixed ration as influenced by ensiling and the type of herbage.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of ensiling on vitamin A (retinol) and vitamin E (α-tocopherol) contents in the total mixed ration (TMR) containing different types of herbage. Oat hay (O-TMR), alfalfa hay (A-TMR) and oat hay + alfalfa hay (OA-TMR) were separately mixed with soybean milk residue, corn meal, soybean meal, salt and a vitamin-mineral supplement to make the TMR. The TMR was sampled after 0, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days of ensiling.

Yeast population dynamics on air exposure in total mixed ration silage with sweet potato residue.

To investigate the yeast population dynamics during air exposure in total mixed ration (TMR) silage containing sweet potato residue. TMR were ensiled in laboratory silos (1 kg) with or without two lactic acid bacteria strains, Lactobacillus plantarum (LP), and Lactobacillus amylovorus (LA). Fermentation characteristics were measured and yeast population was investigated by ITS1 region gene sequencing using Illumina MiSeq platform.

Metagenome analyses reveal the role of Clostridium perfringens in alfalfa silage anaerobic deterioration.

The clostridial fermentation caused by the outgrowth of Clostridia was mainly responsible for the silage anaerobic deterioration. Our previous results showed that Clostridium perfringens dominated the clostridial community in poor-fermented alfalfa silage. This study was conducted to further examine the role of C.

A lower cost method of preparing corn stover for Irpex lacteus treatment by ensiling with lactic acid bacteria.

Objective: This study investigated a method of preparing corn stover for Irpex lacteus (I. lacteus) treatment to improve its in vitro rumen degradability under non-sterile conditions.

Methods: Corn stover was inoculated with Lactobacillus plantarum (L.

Novel strategy to improve the colonizing ability of Irpex lacteus in non-sterile wheat straw for enhanced rumen and enzymatic digestibility.

Pretreatment with white rot fungi is a promising method to enhance the digestibility of lignocelluloses; however, sterilization of feedstocks prior to inoculation is one of the costliest steps. To improve the colonizing ability of white rot fungi under non-sterile condition, Irpex lacteus, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Phanerochaete chrysosporium were inoculated in the wheat straw ensiled for 28 days and incubated for 56 days to determine the changes in microbe counts, organic acid content, chemical composition, and rumen and enzymatic digestibility. Results showed that ensiling produced abundant organic acids and suppressed most microbes in wheat straw.

Comparative analysis of ensiling characteristics and protein degradation of alfalfa silage prepared with corn or sweet sorghum in semiarid region of Inner Mongolia.

This study was conducted to evaluate silage fermentation and protein degradation of alfalfa prepared with corn or sweet sorghum (SS) at different mixing ratios. The chemical composition, ensiling characteristics, and protein degradation of alfalfa prepared with and without corn or SS at mixing ratios of 7:3, 1:1, and 3:7 on a fresh matter (FM) basis were studied. The alfalfa had the highest crude protein (CP) content and lactate buffering capacity (LBC), but lower water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content than corn and SS.

Characteristics of proteolytic microorganisms and their effects on proteolysis in total mixed ration silages of soybean curd residue.

Objective: The objective of this study was to isolate proteolytic microorganisms and evaluate their effects on proteolysis in total mixed ration (TMR) silages of soybean curd residue.

Methods: TMRs were formulated with soybean curd residue, alfalfa or Leymus chinensis hay, corn meal, soybean meal, a vitamin-mineral supplement, and salt in a ratio of 25.0:40.

Effect of Irpex lacteus, Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus cystidiosus pretreatment of corn stover on its improvement of the in vitro rumen fermentation.

Background: The present work investigated changes in corn stover pretreated with different white rot fungi. Corn stover was inoculated with Irpex lacteus, Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus cystidiosus prior to incubation under solid-state fermentation conditions at 28 °C for 42 days. Changes in the chemical composition, in vitro rumen degradability, lignocellulolytic enzyme activity and multi-scale structure of the corn stover were analysed.

Characterization of culturable yeast species associating with whole crop corn and total mixed ration silage.

Objective: This study investigated the association of yeast species with improved aerobic stability of total mixed ration (TMR) silages with prolonged ensiling, and clarified the characteristics of yeast species and their role during aerobic deterioration.

Methods: Whole crop corn (WCC) silages and TMR silages formulated with WCC were ensiled for 7, 14, 28, and 56 d and used for an aerobic stability test. Predominant yeast species were isolated from different periods and identified by sequencing analyses of the 26S rRNA gene D1/D2 domain.