Researchers developed a bilayered electron transport layer (ETL) for perovskite solar cells using low-temperature processed titanium oxide (TiO) and tin oxide (SnO) nanoparticles, enhancing conductivity and electron transport.
The bottom layer combines small TiO and larger SnO nanoparticles to create a dense film, while a top SnO layer acts as an interface between the ETL and perovskite, leading to improved solar cell efficiency.
The resulting solar cells achieved a maximum power conversion efficiency of 22.04% with minimal efficiency degradation over extended lighting conditions, demonstrating the effectiveness of this innovative ETL design.