OsMAPK6 phosphorylation and CLG1 ubiquitylation of GW6a non-additively enhance rice grain size through stabilization of the substrate.

The chromatin modifier GRAIN WEIGHT 6a (GW6a) enhances rice grain size and yield. However, little is known about its gene network determining grain size. Here, we report that MITOGEN-ACTIVED PROTEIN KINASE 6 (OsMAPK6) and E3 ligase CHANG LI GENG 1 (CLG1) interact with and target GW6a for phosphorylation and ubiquitylation, respectively.

The Spartina alterniflora genome sequence provides insights into the salt-tolerance mechanisms of exo-recretohalophytes.

Spartina alterniflora is an exo-recretohalophyte Poaceae species that is able to grow well in seashore, but the genomic basis underlying its adaptation to salt tolerance remains unknown. Here, we report a high-quality, chromosome-level genome assembly of S. alterniflora constructed through PacBio HiFi sequencing, combined with high-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) technology and Illumina-based transcriptomic analyses.

The cytokinin receptor OHK4/OsHK4 regulates inflorescence architecture in rice via an IDEAL PLANT ARCHITECTURE1/WEALTHY FARMER'S PANICLE-mediated positive feedback circuit.

Inflorescence architecture is important for rice (Oryza sativa) grain yield. The phytohormone cytokinin (CK) has been shown to regulate rice inflorescence development; however, the underlying mechanism mediated by CK perception is still unclear. Employing a forward genetic approach, we isolated an inactive variant of the CK receptor OHK4/OsHK4 gene named panicle length1, which shows decreased panicle size due to reduced inflorescence meristem (IM) activity.

Deep learning-enabled discovery and characterization of HKT genes in Spartina alterniflora.

Spartina alterniflora is a halophyte that can survive in high-salinity environments, and it is phylogenetically close to important cereal crops, such as maize and rice. It is of scientific interest to understand why S. alterniflora can live under such extremely stressful conditions.

Integrated metabolomics and lipidomics analyses suggest the temperature-dependent lipid desaturation promotes aflatoxin biosynthesis in .

Temperature is one of the main factors affecting aflatoxin (AF) biosynthesis in . Previous studies showed that AF biosynthesis is elevated in at temperatures between 28°C-30°C, while it is inhibited at temperatures above 30°C. However, little is known about the metabolic mechanism underlying temperature-regulated AF biosynthesis.

Linolenic Acid-Derived Oxylipins Inhibit Aflatoxin Biosynthesis in through Activation of Imizoquin Biosynthesis.

Oxylipins play important signaling roles in aflatoxin (AF) biosynthesis in . We previously showed that exogenous supply of autoxidated linolenic acid (AL) inhibited AF biosynthesis in via oxylipins, but the molecular mechanism is still unknown. Here, we performed multiomics analyses of grown in media with or without AL.

A group of CLE peptides regulates de novo shoot regeneration in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Known for their regulatory roles in stem cell homeostasis, CLAVATA3/ESR-RELATED (CLE) peptides also function as mediators of external stimuli such as hormones. De novo shoot regeneration, representing the remarkable plant cellular plasticity, involves reconstitution of stem cells under control of stem-cell regulators. Yet whether and how stem cell-regulating CLE peptides are implicated in plant regeneration remains unknown.

Cereal Endosperms: Development and Storage Product Accumulation.

The persistent triploid endosperms of cereal crops are the most important source of human food and animal feed. The development of cereal endosperms progresses through coenocytic nuclear division, cellularization, aleurone and starchy endosperm differentiation, and storage product accumulation. In the past few decades, the cell biological processes involved in endosperm formation in most cereals have been described.

Rice with Multilayer Aleurone: A Larger Sink for Multiple Micronutrients.

Diet-related noncommunicable diseases impose a heavy burden on human health worldwide. Rice is a good target for diet-related disease prevention strategies because it is widely consumed. Liu et al.

CLE peptides: critical regulators for stem cell maintenance in plants.

Plant CLE peptides, which regulate stem cell maintenance in shoot and root meristems and in vascular bundles through LRR family receptor kinases, are novel, complex, and to some extent conserved. Over the past two decades, peptide ligands of the CLAVATA3 (CLV3) /Embryo Surrounding Region (CLE) family have been recognized as critical short- and long-distance communication signals in plants, especially for stem cell homeostasis, cell fate determination and physiological responses. Stem cells located at the shoot apical meristem (SAM), the root apical meristem (RAM) and the procambium divide and differentiate into specialized cells that form a variety of tissues such as epidermis, ground tissues, xylem and phloem.

The leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase OsERL plays a critical role in anther lobe formation in rice.

In Arabidopsis, ERECTA (ER) subfamily of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor kinases (LRR-RKs) play important roles in cell division and cell elongation. However, the functions of OsER genes in rice are still very much unknown. In this study, sixty-seven TILLING and four gene-edited mutants were identified for one of the three OsERs, OsERL, and used for functional analyses.

Screening anti-gout compounds from Phellinus igniarius by ultrafiltration liquid chromatography mass spectrometry based on evaluation of an in vitro method combined with enzymatic reaction.

In the present study, the anti-inflammation effect of Phellinus igniarius extract was detected on an in vitro model of RAW 264.7 cells stimulated using sodium urate. In this cell model, the content changes of inflammatory cytokines, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and interleukin-1 beta, in cell culture supernatants were detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Defective mitochondrial function by mutation in THICK ALEURONE 1 encoding a mitochondrion-targeted single-stranded DNA-binding protein leads to increased aleurone cell layers and improved nutrition in rice.

Cereal endosperm comprises an outer aleurone and an inner starchy endosperm. Although these two tissues have the same developmental origin, they differ in morphology, cell fate, and storage product accumulation, with the mechanism largely unknown. Here, we report the identification and characterization of rice thick aleurone 1 (ta1) mutant that shows an increased number of aleurone cell layers and increased contents of nutritional factors including proteins, lipids, vitamins, dietary fibers, and micronutrients.

DEAD-BOX RNA HELICASE 27 regulates microRNA biogenesis, zygote division, and stem cell homeostasis.

After double fertilization, zygotic embryogenesis initiates a new life cycle, and stem cell homeostasis in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and root apical meristem (RAM) allows plants to produce new tissues and organs continuously. Here, we report that mutations in DEAD-BOX RNA HELICASE 27 (RH27) affect zygote division and stem cell homeostasis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The strong mutant allele rh27-1 caused a zygote-lethal phenotype, while the weak mutant allele rh27-2 led to minor defects in embryogenesis and severely compromised stem cell homeostasis in the SAM and RAM.

Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Corrosion Behavior of Ultra-Low Carbon Bainite Steel with Different Niobium Content.

Four types of ultra-low carbon bainite (ULCB) steels were obtained using unified production methods to investigate solely the effect of niobium content on the performance of ULCB steels. Tensile testing, low-temperature impact toughness testing, corrosion weight-loss method, polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and the corresponding organizational observations were realized. The results indicate that the microstructure of the four steels comprise granular bainite and quite a few martensite/austenite (M/A) elements.