Patent Foramen Ovale and Atrial Septal Defect.

Patent foramen ovale (PFO) and atrial septal defects (ASDs) are two types of interatrial communications with unique clinical presentations and management strategies. The PFO is a normal part of fetal development that typically closes shortly after birth but may persist in as many as 25% to 30% of adults. The communication between atria may result in paradoxic embolism and embolic stroke.

Percutaneous Structural Interventions in Adult Congenital Heart Disease: State-of-the-Art Review.

Structural interventions play a crucial role in the management of adult congenital heart disease (ACHD). In recent years, this field has seen significant advancements in catheter-based procedures despite limited investment from industry and lack of device development specific to this population. Because each patient is unique in their anatomy, pathophysiology, and surgical repair, many devices are used off-label with a "best fit" strategy.

Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction Caused by Isolated Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm.

Isolated sinus of Valsalva aneurysm is a rare occurrence, with an incidence of <1.5% among congenital heart disease repairs in the world. We recount the case of a 64-year-old man who presented with right-sided heart failure symptoms caused by a severely dilated right coronary sinus of Valsalva aneurysm that substantially obstructed the right ventricular outflow tract.