Corrigendum: a novel αB-crystallin R123W variant drives hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by promoting maladaptive calcium-dependent signal transduction.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.

Reprogramming tumor-associated macrophages to outcompete endovascular endothelial progenitor cells and suppress tumor neoangiogenesis.

Tumors develop by invoking a supportive environment characterized by aberrant angiogenesis and infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). In a transgenic model of breast cancer, we found that TAMs localized to the tumor parenchyma and were smaller than mammary tissue macrophages. TAMs had low activity of the metabolic regulator mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), and depletion of negative regulator of mTORC1 signaling, tuberous sclerosis complex 1 (TSC1), in TAMs inhibited tumor growth in a manner independent of adaptive lymphocytes.

A novel αB-crystallin R123W variant drives hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by promoting maladaptive calcium-dependent signal transduction.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common inherited cardiovascular disorder affecting 1 in 500 people in the general population. Characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy, cardiomyocyte disarray and cardiac fibrosis, HCM is a highly complex disease with heterogenous clinical presentation, onset and complication. While mutations in sarcomere genes can account for a substantial proportion of familial cases of HCM, 40%-50% of HCM patients do not carry such sarcomere variants and the causal mutations for their diseases remain elusive.

Reprogramming tumour-associated macrophages to outcompete cancer cells.

In metazoan organisms, cell competition acts as a quality control mechanism to eliminate unfit cells in favour of their more robust neighbours. This mechanism has the potential to be maladapted, promoting the selection of aggressive cancer cells. Tumours are metabolically active and are populated by stroma cells, but how environmental factors affect cancer cell competition remains largely unknown.

Assessing lineage and cytolytic functional potential of murine tissue-resident innate lymphocytes.

Group 1 innate lymphocytes are heterogeneous, and their ontogeny and function remain ambiguous. Here, we describe a protocol to measure cell ontogeny and effector functions of natural killer (NK) and ILC1 subsets based on current understanding of their differentiation pathways. We use cre drivers to genetically fate-map cells, tracking plasticity between mature NK and ILC1.

Genetic and Molecular Mechanisms of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.

The intention of this Special Issue is to highlight novel approaches and new paradigms for understanding the pathogenesis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) [...

Using transcription-based detectors to emulate the behavior of sequential probability ratio-based concentration detectors.

The sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) from statistics is known to have the least mean decision time compared to other sequential or fixed-time tests for given error rates. In some circumstances, cells need to make decisions accurately and quickly, therefore it has been suggested that the SPRT may be used to understand the speed-accuracy tradeoff in cellular decision-making. It is generally thought that in order for cells to make use of the SPRT, it is necessary to find biochemical circuits that can compute the log-likelihood ratio needed for the SPRT.

BCL6-dependent TCF-1 progenitor cells maintain effector and helper CD4 T cell responses to persistent antigen.

Soon after activation, CD4 T cells are segregated into BCL6 follicular helper (Tfh) and BCL6 effector (Teff) T cells. Here, we explored how these subsets are maintained during chronic antigen stimulation using the mouse chronic LCMV infection model. Using single cell-transcriptomic and epigenomic analyses, we identified a population of PD-1 TCF-1 CD4 T cells with memory-like features.

Programme of self-reactive innate-like T cell-mediated cancer immunity.

Cellular transformation induces phenotypically diverse populations of tumour-infiltrating T cells, and immune checkpoint blockade therapies preferentially target T cells that recognize cancer cell neoantigens. Yet, how other classes of tumour-infiltrating T cells contribute to cancer immunosurveillance remains elusive. Here, in a survey of T cells in mouse and human malignancies, we identified a population of αβ T cell receptor (TCR)-positive FCER1G-expressing innate-like T cells with high cytotoxic potential (ILTCKs).

Cytotoxic granzyme C-expressing ILC1s contribute to antitumor immunity and neonatal autoimmunity.

Innate lymphocytes are integral components of the cellular immune system that can coordinate host defense against a multitude of challenges and trigger immunopathology when dysregulated. Natural killer (NK) cells and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are innate immune effectors postulated to functionally mirror conventional cytotoxic T lymphocytes and helper T cells, respectively. Here, we showed that the cytolytic molecule granzyme C was expressed in cells with the phenotype of type 1 ILCs (ILC1s) in mouse liver and salivary gland.

Pathogenic Mechanisms of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy beyond Sarcomere Dysfunction.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common inherited cardiovascular disorder, affecting 1 in 500 people in the general population. Although characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy, cardiomyocyte disarray, and cardiac fibrosis, HCM is in fact a highly complex disease with heterogenous clinical presentation, onset, and complications. While HCM is generally accepted as a disease of the sarcomere, variable penetrance in families with identical genetic mutations challenges the monogenic origin of HCM and instead implies a multifactorial cause.

Unexpected suppression of tumorigenesis by c-MYC via TFAP4-dependent restriction of stemness in B lymphocytes.

The proliferative burst of B lymphocytes is essential for antigen receptor repertoire diversification during the development and selective expansion of antigen-specific clones during immune responses. High proliferative activity inevitably promotes oncogenesis, the risk of which is further elevated in B lymphocytes by endogenous gene rearrangement and somatic mutations. However, B-cell-derived cancers are rare, perhaps owing to putative intrinsic tumor-suppressive mechanisms.

Glycolytic ATP fuels phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling to support effector T helper 17 cell responses.

Aerobic glycolysis-the Warburg effect-converts glucose to lactate via the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) and is a metabolic feature of effector T cells. Cells generate ATP through various mechanisms and Warburg metabolism is comparatively an energy-inefficient glucose catabolism pathway. Here, we examined the effect of ATP generated via aerobic glycolysis in antigen-driven T cell responses.

Glycolysis fuels phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling to bolster T cell immunity.

Infection triggers expansion and effector differentiation of T cells specific for microbial antigens in association with metabolic reprograming. We found that the glycolytic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) is induced in CD8 T effector cells through phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling. In turn, ablation of LDHA inhibits PI3K-dependent phosphorylation of Akt and its transcription factor target Foxo1, causing defective antimicrobial immunity.

Cancer immunotherapy via targeted TGF-β signalling blockade in T cells.

Cancer arises from malignant cells that exist in dynamic multilevel interactions with the host tissue. Cancer therapies aiming to directly kill cancer cells, including oncogene-targeted therapy and immune-checkpoint therapy that revives tumour-reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes, are effective in some patients, but acquired resistance frequently develops. An alternative therapeutic strategy aims to rectify the host tissue pathology, including abnormalities in the vasculature that foster cancer progression; however, neutralization of proangiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) has had limited clinical benefits.

TGF-β suppresses type 2 immunity to cancer.

The immune system uses two distinct defence strategies against infections: microbe-directed pathogen destruction characterized by type 1 immunity, and host-directed pathogen containment exemplified by type 2 immunity in induction of tissue repair. Similar to infectious diseases, cancer progresses with self-propagating cancer cells inflicting host-tissue damage. The immunological mechanisms of cancer cell destruction are well defined, but whether immune-mediated cancer cell containment can be induced remains poorly understood.

A Cooperative Machine Learning Approach for Pedestrian Navigation in Indoor IoT.

This paper presents a system based on pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) for localization of networked mobile users, which relies only on sensors embedded in the devices and device- to-device connectivity. The user trajectory is reconstructed by measuring step by step the user displacements. Though step length can be estimated rather accurately, heading evaluation is extremely problematic in indoor environments.

Nutrient mTORC1 signaling underpins regulatory T cell control of immune tolerance.

Foxp3+ regulatory T (T reg) cells are pivotal regulators of immune tolerance, with T cell receptor (TCR)-driven activated T reg (aT reg) cells playing a central role; yet how TCR signaling propagates to control aT reg cell responses remains poorly understood. Here we show that TCR signaling induces expression of amino acid transporters, and renders amino acid-induced activation of mTORC1 in aT reg cells. T reg cell-specific ablation of the Rag family small GTPases RagA and RagB impairs amino acid-induced mTORC1 signaling, causing defective amino acid anabolism, reduced T reg cell proliferation, and a rampant autoimmune disorder similar in severity to that triggered by T reg cell-specific TCR deficiency.

Molecular Communications With Molecular Circuit-Based Transmitters and Receivers.

The performance of a communication link can be improved by maximizing the mutual information between the input and output signals. This paper considers this maximization problem in a molecular communication link where both the transmitter and the receiver are molecular circuit. This general optimization is hard to solve.

Detection of persistent signals and its relation to coherent feed-forward loops.

Many studies have shown that cells use the temporal dynamics of signalling molecules to encode information. One particular class of temporal dynamics is persistent and transient signals, i.e.

Tissue-Resident Lymphocytes Across Innate and Adaptive Lineages.

Lymphocytes are an integral component of the immune system. Classically, all lymphocytes were thought to perpetually recirculate between secondary lymphoid organs and only traffic to non-lymphoid tissues upon activation. In recent years, a diverse family of non-circulating lymphocytes have been identified.

Re(de)fining Innate Lymphocyte Lineages in the Face of Cancer.

Innate lymphocytes play critical roles in maintaining tissue homeostasis and integrity of the host at steady state and during pathogenic insults. The successive identification of new innate lymphocyte subsets has revealed an incredible diversity within the family. While this heterogeneous population can be grouped based on their cytotoxic potential into exclusively cytokine-producing helpers and cytolytic killers, the exact developmental relationships between the subsets are not fully understood.

Improving the Capacity of Molecular Communication Using Enzymatic Reaction Cycles.

This paper considers the capacity of a diffusion-based molecular communication link assuming the receiver uses chemical reactions. The key contribution is we show that enzymatic reaction cycles, which is a class of chemical reactions commonly found in cells consisting of a forward and a backward enzymatic reaction, can improve the capacity of the communication link. The technical difficulty in analyzing enzymatic reaction cycles is that their reaction rates are nonlinear.