Modernizing load and emission factors for construction machinery based on real-world operation: Estimation of emission data in Korea.

The emissions inventory for non-road mobile machinery (NRMM) in Korea relies on laboratory engine tests, which do not accurately reflect the real-world emissions from construction machinery. Hence, standardized real-world test conditions suitable for the Korean environment were first designed based on the manufacturer's testing methods and previous research. Next, using portable emissions measurement systems (PEMS), data on exhaust emissions and load factor (LF) were collected and analyzed during real-world tests on three types of construction machinery (excavators, loaders, and forklifts) with high registration rates and emissions in Korean environment.

North Korean CO emissions reconstruction using DMZ ground observations, TROPOMI space-borne data, and the CMAQ air quality model.

Emission uncertainty in North Korea can act as an obstacle when developing air pollution management plans in the country and neighboring countries when the transboundary transport of air pollutants is considered. This study introduces a novel approach for adjusting and reallocating North Korean CO emissions, aiming to complement the limited observational and emissions data on the country's air pollutants. We utilized ground observations from demilitarized zone (DMZ) and vertical column density (VCD) data from a TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI), which were combined with the Community Multi-Scale Air Quality (CMAQ) chemistry transport model simulations.

Design of highly transparent ohmic contact to N face n-GaN for enhancing light extraction in GaN-based micro LED display.

In GaN-based vertical micro LEDs, conventional metal n-contacts on the N face n-GaN suffer from a low aperture ratio due to the high reflection of metals, resulting in low-light extraction efficiencies. Great efforts have been devoted to enhancing transparency by employing transparent conducting oxides for n-contacts, but they exhibited poor Ohmic behavior due to their large work functions. Herein, we introduce an InN/ITO n-contact to achieve both superior contact property and high transparency.

Smart Tourism Technologies' Ambidexterity: Balancing Tourist's Worries and Novelty Seeking for Travel Satisfaction.

Tourists deal with two intrinsic, uncertainty-driven attributes of travel, tourist worries and novelty seeking, that simultaneously affect their transaction and travel experience satisfaction. Rapid technological advances coupled with uncertainties caused by momentous events such as COVID-19 highlight the increasing significance of smart technologies in the tourism industry. This study explores the relationships between novelty and worries and travel satisfaction, as well as examines how tourists enhance their quality of trips with the use of smart tourism technologies.

Correction: Good News and Bad News About Incentives to Violate the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA): Scenario-Based Questionnaire Study.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.2196/15880.].

Good News and Bad News About Incentives to Violate the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA): Scenario-Based Questionnaire Study.

Background: The health care industry has more insider breaches than any other industry. Soon-to-be graduates are the trusted insiders of tomorrow, and their knowledge can be used to compromise organizational security systems.

Objective: The objective of this paper was to identify the role that monetary incentives play in violating the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act's (HIPAA) regulations and privacy laws by the next generation of employees.

Subwavelength-scale nanorods implemented hexagonal pyramids structure as efficient light-extraction in Light-emitting diodes.

Subwavelength-scale nanorods were implemented on the hexagonal pyramid of photochemically etched light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to improve light extraction efficiency (LEE). Sequential processes of Ag deposition and inductively coupled plasma etching successfully produce nanorods on both locally unetched flat surface and sidewall of hexagonal pyramids. The subwavelength-scale structures on flat surface offer gradually changed refractive index, and the structures on side wall of hexagonal pyramid reduce backward reflection, thereby enhancing further enhancement of the light extraction efficiency.

Nano-imprinting of refractive-index-matched indium tin oxide sol-gel in light-emitting diodes for eliminating total internal reflection.

Refractive-index (RI)-matched nanostructures are implemented in GaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for enhancing light output efficiency. The RI-matched indium tin oxide (ITO) nanostructures are successfully implemented in GaN-based lateral LEDs by using ITO sol-gel and nanoimprint lithography. The ITO sol-gel nanostructures annealed at 300 °C have RI of 1.

Monolithic Nanoporous In-Sn Alloy for Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide.

Nanostructured metal catalysts to convert CO to formate, which have been extensively studied over decades, have many problems such as durability, lifetime, high process temperature, and difficulty in controlling the morphology of nanostructures. Here, we report a facile method to fabricate monolithic nanoporous In-Sn alloy, a network of nanopores, induced by electroreduction of indium tin oxide nanobranches (ITO BRs). The electroreduction process concentrated a local electric field at the tip of the nanostructure, leading to current-assisted joule-heating to form a nanoporous In-Sn alloy.

Analysis of Fifty Hotspot Mutations of Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Never-smokers.

Smoking is the major risk factor for lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), although a small number of lung SCCs occurs in never-smokers. The purpose of this study was to compare 50 hotspot mutations of lung SCCs between never-smokers and smokers. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients newly diagnosed with lung SCC between January 1, 2011 and December 31, 2013 in the Seoul National University Hospital.

Flexible Near-Field Wireless Optoelectronics as Subdermal Implants for Broad Applications in Optogenetics.

In vivo optogenetics provides unique, powerful capabilities in the dissection of neural circuits implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders. Conventional hardware for such studies, however, physically tethers the experimental animal to an external light source, limiting the range of possible experiments. Emerging wireless options offer important capabilities that avoid some of these limitations, but the current size, bulk, weight, and wireless area of coverage is often disadvantageous.

Parallel Aligned Mesopore Arrays in Pyramidal-Shaped Gallium Nitride and Their Photocatalytic Applications.

Parallel aligned mesopore arrays in pyramidal-shaped GaN are fabricated by using an electrochemical anodic etching technique, followed by inductively coupled plasma etching assisted by SiO2 nanosphere lithography, and used as a promising photoelectrode for solar water oxidation. The parallel alignment of the pores of several tens of micrometers scale in length is achieved by the low applied voltage and prepattern guided anodization. The dry etching of single-layer SiO2 nanosphere-coated GaN produces a pyramidal shape of the GaN, making the pores open at both sides and shortening the escape path of evolved gas bubbles produced inside pores during the water oxidation.

Isolation and structure elucidation of unexpected in-process impurities during tetrazole ring formation of an investigational drug substance.

During the formation of a tetrazole ring on an investigational drug, two in-process impurities were detected and analyzed by LC-MS, which suggested that both impurities were drug-related with the same mass-to-charge ratio. To understand and control their formation, both impurities were isolated from the mother liquor of the reaction using a multi-step isolation procedure to obtain a sufficient amount for high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and NMR structural analysis. HRMS suggested a protonated mass of 577.

Visible Color Tunable Emission in Three-Dimensional Light Emitting Diodes by MgO Passivation of Pyramid Tip.

We demonstrated visible color tunable three-dimensional (3D) pyramidal light emitting diodes by depositing the MgO on and near the tip of the pyramid as an insulating layer. Here, we show that the degradation of the materials (i.e.

A Challenge Beyond Bottom Cells: Top-Illuminated Flexible Organic Solar Cells with Nanostructured Dielectric/Metal/Polymer (DMP) Films.

Top-illuminated flexible organic solar cells with a high power conversion efficiency (≈6.75%) are fabricated using a dielectric/metal/polymer (DMP) electrode. Employing a polymer layer (n = 1.

Erratum: Disease burden of pneumonia in Korean adults aged over 50 years stratified by age and underlying diseases.

This corrects the article on p. 764 in vol. 29, PMID: 25378975.

Erratum: Disease burden of pneumonia in Korean adults aged over 50 years stratified by age and underlying diseases.

[This corrects the article on p. 764 in vol. 29, PMID: 25378975.

Flexible a-Si:H Solar Cells with Spontaneously Formed Parabolic Nanostructures on a Hexagonal-Pyramid Reflector.

Flexible amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) solar cells with high photoconversion efficiency (PCE) are demonstrated by embedding hexagonal pyramid nanostructures below a Ag/indium tin oxide (ITO) reflector. The nanostructures constructed by nanoimprint lithography using soft materials allow the top ITO electrode to spontaneously form parabolic nanostructures. Nanoimprint lithography using soft materials is simple, and is conducted at low temperature.

Disease burden of pneumonia in Korean adults aged over 50 years stratified by age and underlying diseases.

Background/aims: This study was conducted to assess the disease burden of pneumonia according to age and presence of underlying diseases in patients admitted with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).

Methods: We performed a retrospective, observational study and collected data targeting patients with CAP (≥ 50 years) from 11 hospitals. Disease burden was defined as total per-capita medical fee, severity (CURB-65), hospital length of stay (LOS), and mortality.

The role of adiponectin in the production of IL-6, IL-8, VEGF and MMPs in human endothelial cells and osteoblasts: implications for arthritic joints.

This study was performed to evaluate the contribution of adiponectin to the production of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and MMP-13 in human endothelial cells and osteoblasts in arthritic joints. Cultured human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) and osteoblasts were stimulated with adiponectin (1 or 10 μg ml(-1)) or IL-1β (0.1 ng ml(-1)) in the presence or absence of hypoxia for 24 h.

Economic burden and epidemiology of pneumonia in Korean adults aged over 50 years.

This study was performed to estimate the direct medical costs and epidemiology of pneumonia in adults of Korea. We conducted a multi-center, retrospective, observational study and collected data targeting for community-acquired pneumonia patients ( ≥ 50 yr) from 11 hospitals. Costs attributable to the treatment of pneumonia were estimated by reviewing resource utilization and epidemiology data (distribution of pathogen, hospital length of stay, overall outcome) were also collected.

Prognosis for non-small cell lung cancer patients with brain metastases.

Purpose: Brain metastasis has a poor prognosis in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In this study, we evaluated the prognosis of NSCLC patients with brain metastases.

Methods: We analyzed a total of 313 NSCLC patients with brain metastasis.

γ-Secretase-dependent cleavage of E-cadherin by staurosporine in breast cancer cells.

E-cadherin is a transmembrane protein that serves as a cell adhesion molecule component of the adherens junction. We previously showed that cadmium induced γ-secretase-dependent E-cadherin cleavage via oxidative stress. In this study, we report that staurosporine (STS)-induced apoptosis induces caspase-2 and/or -8-dependent E-cadherin cleavage.

Caspases-2 and -8 are involved in the presenilin1/gamma-secretase-dependent cleavage of amyloid precursor protein after the induction of apoptosis.

The presenilin/gamma-secretase protease cleaves many type-I membrane proteins, including the amyloid beta-protein (Abeta) precursor (APP). Previous studies have shown that apoptosis induces alterations in Abeta production in a caspase-dependent manner. Here, we report that staurosporine (STS)-induced apoptosis induces caspase-8 and/or-2-dependent gamma-secretase activation.

A case of granulomatous lung disease in a patient with Good's syndrome.

Good's syndrome is extremely rare. This adult-onset condition is characterized by a thymoma with immunodeficiency, low B- and T-cell counts, and hypo-gammaglobulinemia. The initial clinical presentation is either a mass-lesion thymoma or a recurrent infection.